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Introduction

Ukraine

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Background:

Ukraine was the center of the first Slavic state, Kievan Rus, which during the 10th and 11th centuries was the largest and most powerful state in Europe. Weakened by internecine quarrels and Mongol invasions, Kievan Rus was incorporated into the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and eventually into the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The cultural and religious legacy of Kievan Rus laid the foundation for Ukrainian nationalism through subsequent centuries. A new Ukrainian state, the Cossack Hetmanate, was established during the mid-17th century after an uprising against the Poles. Despite continuous Muscovite pressure, the Hetmanate managed to remain autonomous for well over 100 years. During the latter part of the 18th century, most Ukrainian ethnographic territory was absorbed by the Russian Empire. Following the collapse of czarist Russia in 1917, Ukraine was able to bring about a short-lived period of independence (1917-1920), but was reconquered and forced to endure a brutal Soviet rule that engineered two artificial famines (1921-22 and 1932-33) in which over 8 million died. In World War II, German and Soviet armies were responsible for some 7 to 8 million more deaths. Although independence was achieved in 1991 with the dissolution of the USSR, true freedom remains elusive, as the legacy of state control has been difficult to throw off. Where state control has dissipated, endemic corruption has filled much of the resulting vacuum, stalling efforts at economic reform, privatization, and civil liberties. Learn geography the easy way by playing ZL's Geographycards (www.geographycards.com)

Geography

Ukraine

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Location:	Eastern Europe, bordering the Black Sea, between Poland, Romania, and Moldova in the west and Russia in the east
Geographic coordinates:	49 00 N, 32 00 E
Map references:	Asia, Europe
Area:	total: 603,700 sq km land: 603,700 sq km water: 0 sq km
Area - comparative:	slightly smaller than Texas
Land boundaries:	total: 4,663 km border countries: Belarus 891 km, Hungary 103 km, Moldova 939 km, Poland 526 km, Romania (south) 169 km, Romania (west) 362 km, Russia 1,576 km, Slovakia 97 km
Coastline:	2,782 km
Maritime claims:	territorial sea: 12 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm continental shelf: 200-m or to the depth of exploitation
Climate:	temperate continental; Mediterranean only on the southern Crimean coast; precipitation disproportionately distributed, highest in west and north, lesser in east and southeast; winters vary from cool along the Black Sea to cold farther inland; summers are warm across the greater part of the country, hot in the south
Terrain:	most of Ukraine consists of fertile plains (steppes) and plateaus, mountains being found only in the west (the Carpathians), and in the Crimean Peninsula in the extreme south
Elevation extremes:	lowest point: Black Sea 0 m highest point: Hora Hoverla 2,061 m
Natural resources:	iron ore, coal, manganese, natural gas, oil, salt, sulfur, graphite, titanium, magnesium, kaolin, nickel, mercury, timber, arable land
Land use:	arable land: 56.21% permanent crops: 1.61% other: 42.18% (2001)
Irrigated land:	24,540 sq km (1998 est.)
Natural hazards:	NA
Environment - current issues:	inadequate supplies of potable water; air and water pollution; deforestation; radiation contamination in the northeast from 1986 accident at Chornobyl' Nuclear Power Plant
Environment - international agreements:	party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds
Geography - note:	strategic position at the crossroads between Europe and Asia; second-largest country in Europe Learn geography the easy way by playing ZL's Geographycards (www.geographycards.com)

People

Ukraine

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Population:	47,732,079 (July 2004 est.)
Age structure:	0-14 years: 15.9% (male 3,883,485; female 3,715,668) 15-64 years: 68.7% (male 15,692,388; female 17,096,611) 65 years and over: 15.4% (male 2,472,023; female 4,871,904) (2004 est.)
Median age:	total: 38.1 years male: 34.8 years female: 41.1 years (2004 est.)
Population growth rate:	-0.66% (2004 est.)
Birth rate:	10.21 births/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Death rate:	16.41 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Net migration rate:	-0.39 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Sex ratio:	at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 0.92 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.51 male(s)/female total population: 0.86 male(s)/female (2004 est.)
Infant mortality rate:	total: 20.61 deaths/1,000 live births male: 21.87 deaths/1,000 live births female: 19.28 deaths/1,000 live births (2004 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:	total population: 66.68 years male: 61.35 years female: 72.27 years (2004 est.)
Total fertility rate:	1.37 children born/woman (2004 est.)
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:	2% (2003 est.)
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:	250,000 (2001 est.)
HIV/AIDS - deaths:	11,000 (2001 est.)
Nationality:	noun: Ukrainian(s) adjective: Ukrainian
Ethnic groups:	Ukrainian 77.8%, Russian 17.3%, Belarusian 0.6%, Moldovan 0.5%, Crimean Tatar 0.5%, Bulgarian 0.4%, Hungarian 0.3%, Romanian 0.3%, Polish 0.3%, Jewish 0.2%, other 1.8% (2001)
Religions:	Ukrainian Orthodox - Moscow Patriarchate 26.5%, Ukrainian Orthodox - Kiev Patriarchate 20%, Ukrainian Catholic (Uniate) 13%, Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox, Protestant, Jewish
Languages:	Ukrainian, Russian, Romanian, Polish, Hungarian
Literacy:	definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 99.7% male: 99.8% female: 99.6% (2003 est.)
People - note:	the sex trafficking of Ukrainian women is a serious problem that has only recently been addressed Learn geography the easy way by playing ZL's Geographycards (www.geographycards.com)

Government

Ukraine

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Country name:	conventional long form: none conventional short form: Ukraine local long form: none local short form: Ukrayina former: Ukrainian National Republic, Ukrainian State, Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic
Government type:	republic
Capital:	Kiev (Kyyiv)
Administrative divisions:	24 oblasti (singular - oblast'), 1 autonomous republic* (avtomnaya respublika), and 2 municipalities (mista, singular - misto) with oblast status**; Cherkas'ka (Cherkasy), Chernihivs'ka (Chernihiv), Chernivets'ka (Chernivtsi), Dnipropetrovs'ka (Dnipropetrovs'k), Donets'ka (Donets'k), Ivano-Frankivs'ka (Ivano-Frankivs'k), Kharkivs'ka (Kharkiv), Khersons'ka (Kherson), Khmel'nyts'ka (Khmel'nyts'kyy), Kirovohrads'ka (Kirovohrad), Kyyiv**, Kyyivs'ka (Kiev), Luhans'ka (Luhans'k), L'vivs'ka (L'viv), Mykolayivs'ka (Mykolayiv), Odes'ka (Odesa), Poltavs'ka (Poltava), Avtonomna Respublika Krym* (Simferopol'), Rivnens'ka (Rivne), Sevastopol'**, Sums'ka (Sumy), Ternopil's'ka (Ternopil'), Vinnyts'ka (Vinnytsya), Volyns'ka (Luts'k), Zakarpats'ka (Uzhhorod), Zaporiz'ka (Zaporizhzhya), Zhytomyrs'ka (Zhytomyr); note - when using a place name with an adjectival ending "s'ka" or "z'ka," the word Oblast' should be added to the place name note: oblasts have the administrative center name following in parentheses
Independence:	24 August 1991 (from the Soviet Union)
National holiday:	Independence Day, 24 August (1991); the date of 22 January (1918), the day Ukraine first declared its independence (from Soviet Russia), is now celebrated as Unity Day
Constitution:	adopted 28 June 1996
Legal system:	based on civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts
Suffrage:	18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:	chief of state: President Leonid D. KUCHMA (since 19 July 1994) head of government: Prime Minister Viktor YANUKOVYCH (since 21 November 2002); First Deputy Prime Minister Mykola AZAROV (since 26 November 2002) cabinet: Cabinet of Ministers appointed by the president and approved by the Supreme Council note: there is also a National Security and Defense Council or NSDC originally created in 1992 as the National Security Council, but significantly revamped and strengthened under President KUCHMA; the NSDC staff is tasked with developing national security policy on domestic and international matters and advising the president; a Presidential Administration that helps draft presidential edicts and provides policy support to the president; and a Council of Regions that serves as an advisory body created by President KUCHMA in September 1994 that includes chairmen of the Kiev (Kyyiv) and Sevastopol' municipalities and chairmen of the oblasti elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term; election last held 31 October and 14 November 1999 (next to be held 31 October 2004); prime minister and deputy prime ministers appointed by the president and approved by the Supreme Council election results: Leonid D. KUCHMA elected president; percent of vote - Leonid KUCHMA 57.7%, Petro SYMONENKO 38.8%
Legislative branch:	unicameral Supreme Council or Verkhovna Rada (450 seats; under Ukraine's election law, 225 of the Supreme Council's seats are allocated on a proportional basis to those parties that gain 4% or more of the national electoral vote; the other 225 members are elected by popular vote in single-mandate constituencies; all serve four-year terms) elections: last held 31 March 2002 (next to be held NA 2006) election results: percent of vote by party - Our Ukraine 24%, CPU 20%, United Ukraine 12%, SPU 7%, Yuliya Tymoshenko Bloc 7%, United Social Democratic Party 6%, other 24%; seats by party - Our Ukraine 102, Regions of Ukraine 67, CPU 59, Working Ukraine-Industrialists and Entrepreneurs 42, United Social Democratic Party 36, People's Power 22, SPU 20, Yuliya Tymoshenko Bloc 19, Democratic Initiatives 18, Agrarian Party 16, People's Democratic Party 14, People's Choice 14, others 21 (January 2004) note: following the election, United Ukraine splintered into the Agrarian Party, European Choice, People's Choice, People's Democratic Party, Regions of Ukraine, and Working Ukraine-Industrialists and Entrepreneurs; European Choice joined Regions of Ukraine in the fall of 2003
Judicial branch:	Supreme Court; Constitutional Court
Political parties and leaders:	Agrarian Party [Kateryna VASHCHUK]; Communist Party of Ukraine or CPU [Petro SYMONENKO]; Democratic Initiatives [Stepan HAVRYSH]; Industrialists and Entrepreneurs [Anatoliy KINAKH]; Our Ukraine bloc (comprised of several parties the most prominent of which are Rukh, the Ukrainian People's Party, Reforms and Order, and Solidarity) [Viktor YUSHCHENKO]; People's Choice [Mykola HAPOCHKA]; People's Democratic Party or PDP [Valeriy PUSTOVOYTENKO]; People's Power [Bohdan HUBSKYY]; Regions of Ukraine [Viktor YANUKOVYCH]; Socialist Party of Ukraine or SPU [Oleksandr MOROZ, chairman]; United Social Democratic Party [Viktor MEDVEDCHUK]; Working Ukraine [Serhiy TYHYPKO]; Yuliya Tymoshenko Bloc [Yuliya TYMOSHENKO] note: and numerous smaller parties; Democratic Initiatives, People's Choice, and People's Power are not actual political parties, but rather deputy groups (factions not based on a party)
Political pressure groups and leaders:	NA
International organization participation:	BSEC, CE, CEI, CIS, EAPC, EBRD, GUUAM, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt (signatory), ICFTU, ICRM, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, MONUC, NAM (observer), NSG, OAS (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA, PFP, UN, UNAMSIL, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNMEE, UNMIK, UNMOVIC, UNOMIG, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO (observer), ZC
Diplomatic representation in the US:	chief of mission: Ambassador Mykhailo B. REZNIK chancery: 3350 M Street NW, Washington, DC 20007 telephone: [1] (202) 349-2920 FAX: [1] (202) 333-0817 consulate(s) general: Chicago and New York
Diplomatic representation from the US:	chief of mission: Ambassador John E. HERBST embassy: 10 Yurii Kotsiubynskyi Street, Kiev 01901 mailing address: 5850 Kiev Place, Washington, DC 20521-5850 telephone: [380] (44) 490-4000 FAX: [380] (44) 244-7350
Flag description:	two equal horizontal bands of azure (top) and golden yellow represent grainfields under a blue sky Learn geography the easy way by playing ZL's Geographycards (www.geographycards.com)

Economy

Ukraine

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Economy - overview:	After Russia, the Ukrainian republic was far and away the most important economic component of the former Soviet Union, producing about four times the output of the next-ranking republic. Its fertile black soil generated more than one-fourth of Soviet agricultural output, and its farms provided substantial quantities of meat, milk, grain, and vegetables to other republics. Likewise, its diversified heavy industry supplied the unique equipment (for example, large diameter pipes) and raw materials to industrial and mining sites (vertical drilling apparatus) in other regions of the former USSR. Ukraine depends on imports of energy, especially natural gas, to meet some 85% of its annual energy requirements. Shortly after independence in December 1991, the Ukrainian Government liberalized most prices and erected a legal framework for privatization, but widespread resistance to reform within the government and the legislature soon stalled reform efforts and led to some backtracking. Output by 1999 had fallen to less than 40% of the 1991 level. Loose monetary policies pushed inflation to hyperinflationary levels in late 1993. Ukraine's dependence on Russia for energy supplies and the lack of significant structural reform have made the Ukrainian economy vulnerable to external shocks. Now in his second term, President KUCHMA has pledged to reduce the number of government agencies, streamline the regulatory process, create a legal environment to encourage entrepreneurs, and enact a comprehensive tax overhaul. Reforms in the more politically sensitive areas of structural reform and land privatization are still lagging. Outside institutions - particularly the IMF - have encouraged Ukraine to quicken the pace and scope of reforms. GDP in 2000 showed strong export-based growth of 6% - the first growth since independence - and industrial production grew 12.9%. The economy continued to expand in 2001 as real GDP rose 9% and industrial output grew by over 14%. Growth of 4.1% in 2002 was more moderate, in part a reflection of faltering growth in the developed world. In general, growth has been undergirded by strong domestic demand, low inflation, and solid consumer and investor confidence. Growth was a sturdy 8.2% in 2003 despite a loss of momentum in needed economic reforms.
GDP:	purchasing power parity - $260.4 billion (2003 est.)
GDP - real growth rate:	9.4% (2003 est.)
GDP - per capita:	purchasing power parity - $5,400 (2003 est.)
GDP - composition by sector:	agriculture: 18.8% industry: 44.8% services: 36.4% (2003 est.)
Investment (gross fixed):	21% of GDP (2003)
Population below poverty line:	29% (2003 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share:	lowest 10%: 3.7% highest 10%: 23.2% (1999)
Distribution of family income - Gini index:	29 (1999)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):	5.2% (2003 est.)
Labor force:	21.29 million (2003)
Labor force - by occupation:	agriculture 24%, industry 32%, services 44% (1996)
Unemployment rate:	3.7% officially registered; large number of unregistered or underemployed workers (2003)
Budget:	revenues: $14.1 billion expenditures: $14.19 billion, including capital expenditures of NA (2003 est.)
Public debt:	28.7% of GDP (2003)
Agriculture - products:	grain, sugar beets, sunflower seeds, vegetables; beef, milk
Industries:	coal, electric power, ferrous and nonferrous metals, machinery and transport equipment, chemicals, food processing (especially sugar)
Industrial production growth rate:	15.8% (2003 est.)
Electricity - production:	164.7 billion kWh (2001)
Electricity - consumption:	152.4 billion kWh (2001)
Electricity - exports:	800 million kWh (2001)
Electricity - imports:	0 kWh (2001)
Oil - production:	86,490 bbl/day (2001 est.)
Oil - consumption:	290,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)
Oil - exports:	NA (2001)
Oil - imports:	NA (2001)
Oil - proved reserves:	197.5 million bbl (1 January 2002)
Natural gas - production:	18.2 billion cu m (2001 est.)
Natural gas - consumption:	74.1 billion cu m (2001 est.)
Natural gas - exports:	0 cu m (2001 est.)
Natural gas - imports:	55.9 billion cu m (2001 est.)
Natural gas - proved reserves:	560.7 billion cu m (1 January 2002)
Current account balance:	$2.891 billion (2003)
Exports:	$23.63 billion (2003 est.)
Exports - commodities:	ferrous and nonferrous metals, fuel and petroleum products, chemicals, machinery and transport equipment, food products
Exports - partners:	Russia 17.4%, Turkey 7.2%, Italy 5.9%, China 5.3% (2003 est.)
Imports:	$23.58 billion (2003 est.)
Imports - commodities:	energy, machinery and equipment, chemicals
Imports - partners:	Russia 33.4%, Germany 13.7%, Turkmenistan 6.3%, Italy 4.6%, China 4.4% (2003 est.)
Reserves of foreign exchange & gold:	$6.937 billion (2003)
Debt - external:	$16.13 billion (2003)
Economic aid - recipient:	$637.7 million (1995); IMF Extended Funds Facility $2.2 billion (1998)
Currency:	hryvnia (UAH)
Currency code:	UAH
Exchange rates:	hryvnia per US dollar - 5.3327 (2003), 5.3266 (2002), 5.3722 (2001), 5.4402 (2000), 4.1304 (1999)
Fiscal year:	calendar year Learn geography the easy way by playing ZL's Geographycards (www.geographycards.com)

Communications

Ukraine

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Telephones - main lines in use:	10,833,300 (2002)
Telephones - mobile cellular:	4.2 million (2002)
Telephone system:	general assessment: Ukraine's telecommunication development plan, running through 2005, emphasizes improving domestic trunk lines, international connections, and the mobile cellular system domestic: at independence in December 1991, Ukraine inherited a telephone system that was antiquated, inefficient, and in disrepair; more than 3.5 million applications for telephones could not be satisfied; telephone density is now rising slowly and the domestic trunk system is being improved; the mobile cellular telephone system is expanding at a high rate international: country code - 380; two new domestic trunk lines are a part of the fiber-optic Trans-Asia-Europe (TAE) system and three Ukrainian links have been installed in the fiber-optic Trans-European Lines (TEL) project that connects 18 countries; additional international service is provided by the Italy-Turkey-Ukraine-Russia (ITUR) fiber-optic submarine cable and by earth stations in the Intelsat, Inmarsat, and Intersputnik satellite systems
Radio broadcast stations:	AM 134, FM 289, shortwave 4 (1998)
Television broadcast stations:	at least 33 (plus 21 repeaters that relay broadcasts from Russia) (1997)
Internet country code:	.ua
Internet hosts:	94,345 (2004)
Internet users:	900,000 (2002) Learn geography the easy way by playing ZL's Geographycards (www.geographycards.com)

Transportation

Ukraine

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Railways:	total: 22,473 km broad gauge: 22,473 km 1.524-m gauge (9,250 km electrified) (2003)
Highways:	total: 169,491 km paved: 163,898 km unpaved: 5,593 km (2000)
Waterways:	4,499 km note: 1,672 km are on the Pryp'yat' and Dniester (Dnister)
Pipelines:	gas 20,069 km; oil 4,435 km; refined products 4,098 km (2003)
Ports and harbors:	Berdyans'k, Feodosiya, Illichivs'k, Izmayil, Kerch, Kherson, Kiev (Kyyiv), Kiliya, Mariupol', Mykolayiv, Odesa, Reni, Sevastopol', Yalta, Yuzhnyy
Merchant marine:	total: 140 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 675,904 GRT/709,802 DWT by type: bulk 7, cargo 92, container 7, liquefied gas 2, passenger 11, passenger/cargo 3, petroleum tanker 10, rail car carrier 2, refrigerated cargo 2, roll on/roll off 3, short-sea/passenger 1 foreign-owned: Belize 2, Canada 1, Cyprus 1, Hungary 2, Italy 1, Russia 4, Turkey 3 registered in other countries: 87 (2003 est.)
Airports:	702 (2003 est.)
Airports - with paved runways:	total: 174 over 3,047 m: 13 2,438 to 3,047 m: 57 1,524 to 2,437 m: 30 914 to 1,523 m: 4 under 914 m: 70 (2003 est.)
Airports - with unpaved runways:	total: 528 over 3,047 m: 4 2,438 to 3,047 m: 3 1,524 to 2,437 m: 17 914 to 1,523 m: 35 under 914 m: 469 (2003 est.)
Heliports:	8 (2003 est.) Learn geography the easy way by playing ZL's Geographycards (www.geographycards.com)

Military

Ukraine

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Military branches:	Ground Forces, Naval Forces, Air and Air Defense Forces, Ministry of Internal Affairs (MVS) Troops, Border Troops
Military manpower - military age:	18 years of age (2004 est.)
Military manpower - availability:	males age 15-49: 12,196,319 (2004 est.)
Military manpower - fit for military service:	males age 15-49: 9,565,088 (2004 est.)
Military manpower - reaching military age annually:	males: 386,945 (2004 est.)
Military expenditures - dollar figure:	$617.9 million (FY02)
Military expenditures - percent of GDP:	1.4% (FY02) Learn geography the easy way by playing ZL's Geographycards (www.geographycards.com)

Transnational Issues

Ukraine

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Disputes - international:

1997 boundary treaty with Belarus remains unratified due to unresolved financial claims, preventing demarcation and reducing border security; delimitation of land boundary with Russia is complete but boundary through the Sea of Azov and Kerch Strait remains unresolved despite a December 2003 framework agreement and on-going expert-level discussions; Ukraine protests Russia's construction of a causeway in the direction of Ukrainian-administered Tuzla Island in the Kerch Strait; difficulties with Moldova's Transnistria region complicate controlling border crossing and customs regimes despite concordance on the 2003 delimitation and customs protocols and OSCE assistance; has not resolved Romanian claims to Ukrainian-administered Zmiyinyy (Snake) Island and Black Sea maritime boundary despite ongoing talks based on 1997 friendship treaty to find a solution in two years

Illicit drugs:

limited cultivation of cannabis and opium poppy, mostly for CIS consumption; some synthetic drug production for export to the West; limited government eradication program; used as transshipment point for opiates and other illicit drugs from Africa, Latin America, and Turkey to Europe and Russia; drug-related money laundering a minor, but growing, problem; anti-money-laundering regime improving but remains on Financial Action Task Force Non-Cooperative Countries and Territories List for continued failure to address deficiencies in money-laundering control regime

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