 Definition  Field Listing  Rank
Order
|
Background: |
Founded in the 12th century, the Principality of
Muscovy, was able to emerge from over 200 years of Mongol domination
(13th-15th centuries) and to gradually conquer and absorb
surrounding principalities. In the early 17th century, a new Romanov
Dynasty continued this policy of expansion across Siberia to the
Pacific. Under PETER I (ruled 1682-1725), hegemony was extended to
the Baltic Sea and the country was renamed the Russian Empire.
During the 19th century, more territorial acquisitions were made in
Europe and Asia. Repeated devastating defeats of the Russian army in
World War I led to widespread rioting in the major cities of the
Russian Empire and to the overthrow in 1917 of the imperial
household. The Communists under Vladimir LENIN seized power soon
after and formed the USSR. The brutal rule of Josef STALIN (1928-53)
strengthened Russian dominance of the Soviet Union at a cost of tens
of millions of lives. The Soviet economy and society stagnated in
the following decades until General Secretary Mikhail GORBACHEV
(1985-91) introduced glasnost (openness) and perestroika
(restructuring) in an attempt to modernize Communism, but his
initiatives inadvertently released forces that by December 1991
splintered the USSR into 15 independent republics. Since then,
Russia has struggled in its efforts to build a democratic political
system and market economy to replace the strict social, political,
and economic controls of the Communist period. While some progress
has been made on the economic front, recent years have seen a
recentralization of power under Vladimir PUTIN and an erosion in
nascent democratic institutions. A determined guerrilla conflict
still plagues Russia in Chechnya. Learn geography the easy way by playing ZL's Geographycards (www.geographycards.com)
|
|
Location: |
Northern
Asia (that part west of the Urals is included with Europe),
bordering the Arctic Ocean, between Europe and the North Pacific
Ocean |
|
Geographic coordinates: |
60 00 N, 100
00 E |
|
Map references: |
Asia
|
|
Area: |
total:
17,075,200 sq km
land: 16,995,800 sq km
water:
79,400 sq km |
|
Area - comparative: |
approximately 1.8 times the size of the US |
|
Land boundaries: |
total: 20,017 km
border countries: Azerbaijan
284 km, Belarus 959 km, China (southeast) 3,605 km, China (south) 40
km, Estonia 294 km, Finland 1,340 km, Georgia 723 km, Kazakhstan
6,846 km, North Korea 19 km, Latvia 217 km, Lithuania (Kaliningrad
Oblast) 227 km, Mongolia 3,485 km, Norway 196 km, Poland
(Kaliningrad Oblast) 206 km, Ukraine 1,576 km |
|
Coastline: |
37,653 km
|
|
Maritime claims: |
territorial sea: 12 nm
exclusive economic
zone: 200 nm
continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the
depth of exploitation |
|
Climate: |
ranges from
steppes in the south through humid continental in much of European
Russia; subarctic in Siberia to tundra climate in the polar north;
winters vary from cool along Black Sea coast to frigid in Siberia;
summers vary from warm in the steppes to cool along Arctic coast
|
|
Terrain: |
broad plain
with low hills west of Urals; vast coniferous forest and tundra in
Siberia; uplands and mountains along southern border regions |
|
Elevation extremes: |
lowest
point: Caspian Sea -28 m
highest point: Gora El'brus
5,633 m |
|
Natural resources: |
wide natural
resource base including major deposits of oil, natural gas, coal,
and many strategic minerals, timber
note: formidable
obstacles of climate, terrain, and distance hinder exploitation of
natural resources |
|
Land use: |
arable
land: 7.33%
permanent crops: 0.11%
other:
92.56% (2001) |
|
Irrigated land: |
46,630 sq km
(1998 est.) |
|
Natural hazards: |
permafrost
over much of Siberia is a major impediment to development; volcanic
activity in the Kuril Islands; volcanoes and earthquakes on the
Kamchatka Peninsula; spring floods and summer/autumn forest fires
throughout Siberia and parts of European Russia |
|
Environment - current issues: |
air
pollution from heavy industry, emissions of coal-fired electric
plants, and transportation in major cities; industrial, municipal,
and agricultural pollution of inland waterways and seacoasts;
deforestation; soil erosion; soil contamination from improper
application of agricultural chemicals; scattered areas of sometimes
intense radioactive contamination; groundwater contamination from
toxic waste; urban solid waste management; abandoned stocks of
obsolete pesticides |
|
Environment - international agreements: |
party
to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air
Pollution-Sulfur 85, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol,
Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic
Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered Species,
Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine
Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83,
Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: Air
Pollution-Sulfur 94, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol |
|
Geography - note: |
largest
country in the world in terms of area but unfavorably located in
relation to major sea lanes of the world; despite its size, much of
the country lacks proper soils and climates (either too cold or too
dry) for agriculture; Mount El'brus is Europe's tallest peak
Learn geography the easy way by playing ZL's Geographycards (www.geographycards.com)
|
|
Population: |
143,782,338
(July 2004 est.) |
|
Age structure: |
0-14
years: 15% (male 11,064,109; female 10,518,595)
15-64
years: 71.3% (male 49,534,076; female 52,958,107)
65
years and over: 13.7% (male 6,177,580; female 13,529,871) (2004
est.) |
|
Median age: |
total: 37.9 years
male: 34.7 years
female: 40.7 years (2004 est.) |
|
Population growth rate: |
-0.45% (2004
est.) |
|
Birth rate: |
9.63
births/1,000 population (2004 est.) |
|
Death rate: |
15.17
deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.) |
|
Net migration rate: |
1.02
migrant(s)/1,000 population (2004 est.) |
|
Sex ratio: |
at
birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.05
male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.94 male(s)/female
65
years and over: 0.46 male(s)/female
total population:
0.87 male(s)/female (2004 est.) |
|
Infant mortality rate: |
total:
16.96 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 19.58 deaths/1,000
live births
female: 14.18 deaths/1,000 live births (2004
est.) |
|
Life expectancy at birth: |
total
population: 66.39 years
male: 59.91 years
female: 73.27 years (2004 est.) |
|
Total fertility rate: |
1.26 children
born/woman (2004 est.) |
|
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: |
0.9% (2001
est.) |
|
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS: |
700,000 (2001
est.) |
|
HIV/AIDS - deaths: |
9,000 (2001
est.) |
|
Nationality: |
noun:
Russian(s)
adjective: Russian |
|
Ethnic groups: |
Russian
81.5%, Tatar 3.8%, Ukrainian 3%, Chuvash 1.2%, Bashkir 0.9%,
Belarusian 0.8%, Moldavian 0.7%, other 8.1% (1989) |
|
Religions: |
Russian
Orthodox, Muslim, other |
|
Languages: |
Russian,
other |
|
Literacy: |
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 99.6%
male: 99.7%
female: 99.5% (2003 est.) Learn geography the easy way by playing ZL's Geographycards (www.geographycards.com)
|
|
Country name: |
conventional long form: Russian Federation
conventional short form: Russia
local long
form: Rossiyskaya Federatsiya
local short form:
Rossiya
former: Russian Empire, Russian Soviet Federative
Socialist Republic |
|
Government type: |
federation
|
|
Capital: |
Moscow
|
|
Administrative divisions: |
49 oblasts
(oblastey, singular - oblast), 21 republics (respublik, singular -
respublika), 10 autonomous okrugs (avtonomnykh okrugov, singular -
avtonomnyy okrug), 6 krays (krayev, singular - kray), 2 federal
cities (singular - gorod), and 1 autonomous oblast(avtonomnaya
oblast')
: oblasts: Amurskaya (Blagoveshchensk),
Arkhangel'skaya, Astrakhanskaya, Belgorodskaya, Bryanskaya,
Chelyabinskaya, Chitinskaya, Irkutskaya, Ivanovskaya,
Kaliningradskaya, Kaluzhskaya, Kamchatskaya
(Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy), Kemerovskaya, Kirovskaya, Kostromskaya,
Kurganskaya, Kurskaya, Leningradskaya, Lipetskaya, Magadanskaya,
Moskovskaya, Murmanskaya, Nizhegorodskaya, Novgorodskaya,
Novosibirskaya, Omskaya, Orenburgskaya, Orlovskaya (Orel),
Penzenskaya, Permskaya, Pskovskaya, Rostovskaya, Ryazanskaya,
Sakhalinskaya (Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk), Samarskaya, Saratovskaya,
Smolenskaya, Sverdlovskaya (Yekaterinburg), Tambovskaya, Tomskaya,
Tul'skaya, Tverskaya, Tyumenskaya, Ul'yanovskaya, Vladimirskaya,
Volgogradskaya, Vologodskaya, Voronezhskaya, Yaroslavskaya
: republics: Adygeya (Maykop), Altay (Gorno-Altaysk),
Bashkortostan (Ufa), Buryatiya (Ulan-Ude), Chechnya (Groznyy),
Chuvashiya (Cheboksary), Dagestan (Makhachkala), Ingushetiya
(Nazran'), Kabardino-Balkariya (Nal'chik), Kalmykiya (Elista),
Karachayevo-Cherkesiya (Cherkessk), Kareliya (Petrozavodsk),
Khakasiya (Abakan), Komi (Syktyvkar), Mariy-El (Yoshkar-Ola),
Mordoviya (Saransk), Sakha (Yakutiya), Severnaya Osetiya-Alaniya
[North Ossetia] (Vladikavkaz), Tatarstan (Kazan'), Tyva (Kyzyl),
Udmurtiya (Izhevsk)
: autonomous okrugs: Aginskiy
Buryatskiy (Aginskoye), Chukotskiy (Anadyr'), Evenkiyskiy (Tura),
Khanty-Mansiyskiy (Khanty-Mansiysk), Koryakskiy (Palana), Nenetskiy
(Nar'yan-Mar), Komi-Permyatskiy (Kudymkar), Taymyrskiy (Dudinka),
Ust'-Ordynskiy Buryatskiy (Ust'-Ordynskiy), Yamalo-Nenetskiy
(Salekhard)
: krays: Altayskiy (Barnaul), Khabarovskiy,
Krasnodarskiy, Krasnoyarskiy, Primorskiy (Vladivostok),
Stavropol'skiy
: federal cities: Moskva (Moscow),
Sankt-Peterburg (Saint Petersburg)
: autonomous oblast:
Yevreyskaya; note - when using a place name with an adjectival
ending 'skaya' or 'skiy,' the word Oblast' or Avonomnyy Okrug or
Kray should be added to the place name
note:
administrative divisions have the same names as their administrative
centers (exceptions have the administrative center name following in
parentheses) |
|
Independence: |
24 August
1991 (from Soviet Union) |
|
National holiday: |
Russia Day,
12 June (1990) |
|
Constitution: |
adopted 12
December 1993 |
|
Legal system: |
based on
civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts |
|
Suffrage: |
18 years of
age; universal |
|
Executive branch: |
chief of
state: President Vladimir Vladimirovich PUTIN (acting president
since 31 December 1999, president since 7 May 2000)
head of
government: Premier Mikhail Yefimovich FRADKOV (since 5 March
2004); Deputy Premier Aleksandr Dmitriyevich ZHUKOV (since 9 March
2004)
cabinet: Ministries of the Government or
"Government" composed of the premier and his deputy, ministers, and
selected other individuals; all are appointed by the president
note: there is also a Presidential Administration (PA)
that provides staff and policy support to the president, drafts
presidential decrees, and coordinates policy among government
agencies; a Security Council also reports directly to the president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a
four-year term; election last held 14 March 2004 (next to be held NA
March 2008); note - no vice president; if the president dies in
office, cannot exercise his powers because of ill health, is
impeached, or resigns, the premier succeeds him; the premier serves
as acting president until a new presidential election is held, which
must be within three months; premier appointed by the president with
the approval of the Duma
election results: Vladimir
Vladimirovich PUTIN reelected president; percent of vote - Vladimir
Vladimirovich PUTIN 71.2%, Nikolay KHARITONOV 13.7%, other (no
candidate above 5%) 15.1% |
|
Legislative branch: |
bicameral
Federal Assembly or Federalnoye Sobraniye consists of the Federation
Council or Sovet Federatsii (178 seats; as of July 2000, members
appointed by the top executive and legislative officials in each of
the 89 federal administrative units - oblasts, krays, republics,
autonomous okrugs and oblasts, and the federal cities of Moscow and
Saint Petersburg; members serve four-year terms) and the State Duma
or Gosudarstvennaya Duma (450 seats; 225 seats elected by
proportional representation from party lists winning at least 5% of
the vote, and 225 seats from single-member constituencies; members
are elected by direct, popular vote to serve four-year terms)
elections: State Duma - last held 7 December 2003 (next
to be held NA December 2007)
election results: State Duma
- percent of vote received by parties clearing the 5% threshold
entitling them to a proportional share of the 225 party list seats -
United Russia 37.1%, CPRF 12.7%, LDPR 11.6%, Motherland 9.1%; seats
by party - United Russia 222, CPRF 53, LDPR 38, Motherland 37,
People's Party 19, Yabloko 4, Union of Rightist Forces 2, other 7,
independents 65, repeat election required 3 |
|
Judicial branch: |
Constitutional Court; Supreme Court; Superior Court of
Arbitration; judges for all courts are appointed for life by the
Federation Council on the recommendation of the president |
|
Political parties and leaders: |
Communist
Party of the Russian Federation or CPRF [Gennadiy Andreyevich
ZYUGANOV]; Liberal Democratic Party of Russia or LDPR [Vladimir
Volfovich ZHIRINOVSKIY]; Motherland Bloc (Rodina) [Sergey GLAZYEV
and Dmitriy ROGOZIN]; People's Party [Gennadiy RAYKOV]; Union of
Rightist Forces or SPS [Anatoliy Borisovich CHUBAYS, Yegor
Timurovich GAYDAR, Irina Mutsuovna KHAKAMADA, Boris Yefimovich
NEMTSOV]; United Russia [Boris Vyacheslavovich GRYZLOV]; Yabloko
Party [Grigoriy Alekseyevich YAVLINSKIY] |
|
Political pressure groups and leaders: |
NA |
|
International organization participation: |
APEC, ARF,
ASEAN (dialogue partner), BIS, BSEC, CBSS, CE, CERN (observer), CIS,
EAPC, EBRD, G- 8, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt (signatory), ICFTU,
ICRM, IDA, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM
(observer), ISO, ITU, LAIA (observer), MINURSO, MONUC, NAM (guest),
NSG, OAS (observer), OPCW, OSCE, Paris Club, PCA, PFP, SCO, UN, UN
Security Council, UNAMSIL, UNCTAD, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNITAR, UNMEE,
UNMIK, UNMISET, UNMOVIC, UNOMIG, UNTSO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO,
WMO, WToO, WTrO (observer), ZC |
|
Diplomatic representation in the US: |
chief of
mission: Ambassador Yuriy Viktorovich USHAKOV
chancery: 2650 Wisconsin Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20007
telephone: [1] (202) 298-5700, 5701, 5704, 5708
FAX: [1] (202) 298-5735
consulate(s) general:
New York, San Francisco, and Seattle |
|
Diplomatic representation from the US: |
chief of
mission: Ambassador Alexander VERSHBOW
embassy:
Bolshoy Devyatinskiy Pereulok No. 8, 121099 Moscow
mailing
address: PSC-77, APO AE 09721
telephone: [7] (095)
728-5000
FAX: [7] (095) 728-5090
consulate(s)
general: Saint Petersburg, Vladivostok, Yekaterinburg |
|
Flag description: |
three equal
horizontal bands of white (top), blue, and red Learn geography the easy way by playing ZL's Geographycards (www.geographycards.com)
|
|
Economy - overview: |
Russia ended
2003 with its fifth straight year of growth, averaging 6.5% annually
since the financial crisis of 1998. Although high oil prices and a
relatively cheap ruble are important drivers of this economic
rebound, since 2000 investment and consumer-driven demand have
played a noticeably increasing role. Real fixed capital investments
have averaged gains greater than 10% over the last four years and
real personal incomes have averaged increases over 12%. Russia has
also improved its international financial position since the 1998
financial crisis, with its foreign debt declining from 90% of GDP to
around 28%. Strong oil export earnings have allowed Russia to
increase its foreign reserves from only $12 billion to some $80
billion. These achievements, along with a renewed government effort
to advance structural reforms, have raised business and investor
confidence in Russia's economic prospects. Nevertheless, serious
problems persist. Oil, natural gas, metals, and timber account for
more than 80% of exports, leaving the country vulnerable to swings
in world prices. Russia's manufacturing base is dilapidated and must
be replaced or modernized if the country is to achieve broad-based
economic growth. Other problems include a weak banking system, a
poor business climate that discourages both domestic and foreign
investors, corruption, local and regional government intervention in
the courts, and widespread lack of trust in institutions. In
addition, a string of investigations launched against a major
Russian oil company, culminating with the arrest of its CEO in the
fall of 2003, have raised concerns by some observers that President
PUTIN is granting more influence to forces within his government
that desire to reassert state control over the economy. |
|
GDP: |
purchasing
power parity - $1.282 trillion (2003 est.) |
|
GDP - real growth rate: |
7.3% (2003
est.) |
|
GDP - per capita: |
purchasing
power parity - $8,900 (2003 est.) |
|
GDP - composition by sector: |
agriculture: 5.2%
industry: 35.1%
services: 59.8% (2003 est.) |
|
Investment (gross fixed): |
18.2% of GDP
(2003) |
|
Population below poverty line: |
25% (January
2003 est.) |
|
Household income or consumption by percentage
share: |
lowest
10%: 5.9%
highest 10%: 47% (2001) |
|
Distribution of family income - Gini
index: |
39.9 (2001)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): |
13.7% (2003
est.) |
|
Labor force: |
71.68 million
(2003 est.) |
|
Labor force - by occupation: |
agriculture
12.3%, industry 22.7%, services 65% (2002 est.) |
|
Unemployment rate: |
8.5% plus
considerable underemployment (2003 est.) |
|
Budget: |
revenues: $83.99 billion
expenditures: $73.75
billion, including capital expenditures of NA (2003) |
|
Public debt: |
34.1% of GDP
(2003) |
|
Agriculture - products: |
grain, sugar
beets, sunflower seed, vegetables, fruits; beef, milk |
|
Industries: |
complete
range of mining and extractive industries producing coal, oil, gas,
chemicals, and metals; all forms of machine building from rolling
mills to high-performance aircraft and space vehicles; shipbuilding;
road and rail transportation equipment; communications equipment;
agricultural machinery, tractors, and construction equipment;
electric power generating and transmitting equipment; medical and
scientific instruments; consumer durables, textiles, foodstuffs,
handicrafts |
|
Industrial production growth rate: |
7% (2003
est.) |
|
Electricity - production: |
915 billion
kWh (2003) |
|
Electricity - consumption: |
773 billion
kWh (2001) |
|
Electricity - exports: |
21.16
billion kWh (2001) |
|
Electricity - imports: |
7 billion
kWh (2001) |
|
Oil - production: |
7.286 million
bbl/day (2001 est.) |
|
Oil - consumption: |
2.595 million
bbl/day (2001 est.) |
|
Oil - exports: |
NA (2001)
|
|
Oil - imports: |
NA (2001)
|
|
Oil - proved reserves: |
51.22 billion
bbl (1 January 2002) |
|
Natural gas - production: |
580.8 billion
cu m (2001 est.) |
|
Natural gas - consumption: |
408.1 billion
cu m (2001 est.) |
|
Natural gas - exports: |
205.4 billion
cu m (2001 est.) |
|
Natural gas - imports: |
32.7 billion
cu m (2001 est.) |
|
Natural gas - proved reserves: |
47.86
trillion cu m (1 January 2002) |
|
Current account balance: |
$35.91
billion (2003) |
|
Exports: |
$134.4
billion (2003 est.) |
|
Exports - commodities: |
petroleum
and petroleum products, natural gas, wood and wood products, metals,
chemicals, and a wide variety of civilian and military manufactures
|
|
Exports - partners: |
Germany
8.4%, Italy 6.2%, China 5.8%, Ukraine 5.7%, Belarus 5.7%,
Netherlands 5.6%, Switzerland 5%, US 4.6% (2003 est.) |
|
Imports: |
$74.8 billion
(2003 est.) |
|
Imports - commodities: |
machinery
and equipment, consumer goods, medicines, meat, sugar, semifinished
metal products |
|
Imports - partners: |
Germany
15.4%, Belarus 7.7%, China 7.4%, Ukraine 6.6%, Italy 4.9%, US 4.6%,
France 4.5%, Kazakhstan 4.1%, Finland 4.1% (2003 est.) |
|
Reserves of foreign exchange & gold: |
$76.94
billion (2003) |
|
Debt - external: |
$175.9
billion (2003) |
|
Economic aid - recipient: |
in FY01 from
US, $979 million (including $750 million in non-proliferation
subsidies); in 2001 from EU, $200 million (2000 est.) |
|
Currency: |
Russian
ruble (RUR) |
|
Currency code: |
RUR |
|
Exchange rates: |
Russian
rubles per US dollar - 30.692 (2003), 31.3485 (2002), 29.1685
(2001), 28.1292 (2000), 24.6199 (1999)
note: the post-1
January 1998 ruble is equal to 1,000 of the pre-1 January 1998
rubles |
|
Fiscal year: |
calendar
year Learn geography the easy way by playing ZL's Geographycards (www.geographycards.com)
|
|
Telephones - main lines in use: |
35.5 million
(2002) |
|
Telephones - mobile cellular: |
17,608,800
(2002) |
|
Telephone system: |
general
assessment: the telephone system underwent significant changes
in the 1990s; there are more than 1,000 companies licensed to offer
communication services; access to digital lines has improved,
particularly in urban centers; Internet and e-mail services are
improving; Russia has made progress toward building the
telecommunications infrastructure necessary for a market economy;
however, a large demand for main line service remains unsatisfied
domestic: cross-country digital trunk lines run from
Saint Petersburg to Khabarovsk, and from Moscow to Novorossiysk; the
telephone systems in 60 regional capitals have modern digital
infrastructures; cellular services, both analog and digital, are
available in many areas; in rural areas, the telephone services are
still outdated, inadequate, and low density
international: country code - 7; Russia is connected
internationally by three undersea fiber-optic cables; digital
switches in several cities provide more than 50,000 lines for
international calls; satellite earth stations provide access to
Intelsat, Intersputnik, Eutelsat, Inmarsat, and Orbita systems
|
|
Radio broadcast stations: |
AM 420, FM
447, shortwave 56 (1998) |
|
Television broadcast stations: |
7,306 (1998)
|
|
Internet country code: |
.ru; Russia
also has responsibility for a legacy domain ".su" that was allocated
to the Soviet Union, and whose legal status and ownership are
contested by the Russian Government, ICANN, and several Russian
commercial entities |
|
Internet hosts: |
560,874
(2004) |
|
Internet users: |
6 million
(2002) Learn geography the easy way by playing ZL's Geographycards (www.geographycards.com)
|
|
Railways: |
total:
87,157 km
broad gauge: 86,200 km 1.520-m gauge (40,300 km
electrified)
narrow gauge: 957 km 1.067-m gauge (on
Sakhalin Island)
note: an additional 30,000 km of
non-common carrier lines serve industries (2003) |
|
Highways: |
total:
532,393 km
paved: 358,833 km
unpaved: 173,560
km (2000) |
|
Waterways: |
95,900 km
(total routes in general use)
note: routes with
navigation guides serving the Russian River Fleet - 95,900 km;
routes with night navigational aids - 60,400 km; man-made navigable
routes - 16,900 km |
|
Pipelines: |
gas 135,771
km; oil 70,833 km; refined products 11,536 km (2003) |
|
Ports and harbors: |
Aleksandrovsk-Sakhalinskiy, Arkhangel'sk, Astrakhan', De-Kastri,
Indigirskiy, Kaliningrad, Kandalaksha, Kazan', Khabarovsk, Kholmsk,
Krasnoyarsk, Lazarev, Mago, Mezen', Moscow, Murmansk, Nakhodka,
Nevel'sk, Novorossiysk, Onega, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy, Rostov,
Shakhtersk, Saint Petersburg, Sochi, Taganrog, Tuapse, Uglegorsk,
Vanino, Vladivostok, Volgograd, Vostochnyy, Vyborg |
|
Merchant marine: |
total: 958 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 4,521,472
GRT/5,505,118 DWT
by type: barge carrier 1, bulk 20,
cargo 562, chemical tanker 13, combination bulk 21, combination
ore/oil 36, container 28, multi-functional large load carrier 2,
passenger 35, passenger/cargo 4, petroleum tanker 179, rail car
carrier 1, refrigerated cargo 27, roll on/roll off 21,
short-sea/passenger 6, specialized tanker 2
foreign-owned: Belize 2, Cambodia 2, Cyprus 9, Denmark 1,
Estonia 3, Germany 1, Greece 3, Hong Kong 1, South Korea 1, Latvia
2, Lithuania 3, Malta 2, Moldova 3, Netherlands 2, Panama 2,
Switzerland 4, Turkey 18, Turkmenistan 2, Ukraine 7, United Kingdom
3, United States 4
registered in other countries: 350
(2003 est.) |
|
Airports: |
2,609 (2003
est.) |
|
Airports - with paved runways: |
total: 585
over 3,047 m: 56
2,438 to
3,047 m: 201
1,524 to 2,437 m: 122
914 to
1,523 m: 100
under 914 m: 106 (2003 est.) |
|
Airports - with unpaved runways: |
total: 2,024
over 3,047 m: 19
2,438 to
3,047 m: 34
1,524 to 2,437 m: 120
914 to 1,523
m: 261
under 914 m: 1,590 (2003 est.) |
|
Heliports: |
36 (2003
est.) Learn geography the easy way by playing ZL's Geographycards (www.geographycards.com)
|
|
Military branches: |
Ground
Forces, Navy, Air Forces; Airborne troops, Strategic Rocket Forces,
and Military Space Forces are classified as independent combat arms,
not subordinate to any of the three branches
: |
|
Military manpower - military age: |
18 years of
age (2004 est.) |
|
Military manpower - availability: |
males age
15-49: 39,127,169 (2004 est.) |
|
Military manpower - fit for military
service: |
males age
15-49: 30,600,088 (2004 est.) |
|
Military manpower - reaching military age
annually: |
males: 1,262,339 (2004 est.) |
|
Military expenditures - dollar figure: |
NA |
|
Military expenditures - percent of GDP: |
NA
Learn geography the easy way by playing ZL's Geographycards (www.geographycards.com)
|
|
Disputes - international: |
China
continues to seek a mutually acceptable solution to the disputed
alluvial islands at the confluence of the Amur and Ussuri Rivers and
a small island on the Argun River as part of the 2001 Treaty of Good
Neighborliness, Frie | |
