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Introduction

Peru

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Background:

Ancient Peru was the seat of several prominent Andean civilizations, most notably that of the Incas whose empire was captured by the Spanish conquistadores in 1533. Peruvian independence was declared in 1821, and remaining Spanish forces defeated in 1824. After a dozen years of military rule, Peru returned to democratic leadership in 1980, but experienced economic problems and the growth of a violent insurgency. President Alberto FUJIMORI's election in 1990 ushered in a decade that saw a dramatic turnaround in the economy and significant progress in curtailing guerrilla activity. Nevertheless, the president's increasing reliance on authoritarian measures and an economic slump in the late 1990s generated mounting dissatisfaction with his regime. FUJIMORI won reelection to a third term in the spring of 2000, but international pressure and corruption scandals led to his ouster by Congress in November of that year. A caretaker government oversaw new elections in the spring of 2001, which ushered in Alejandro TOLEDO as the new head of government. Learn geography the easy way by playing ZL's Geographycards (www.geographycards.com)

Geography

Peru

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Location:	Western South America, bordering the South Pacific Ocean, between Chile and Ecuador
Geographic coordinates:	10 00 S, 76 00 W
Map references:	South America
Area:	total: 1,285,220 sq km land: 1.28 million sq km water: 5,220 sq km
Area - comparative:	slightly smaller than Alaska
Land boundaries:	total: 5,536 km border countries: Bolivia 900 km, Brazil 1,560 km, Chile 160 km, Colombia 1,496 km (est.), Ecuador 1,420 km
Coastline:	2,414 km
Maritime claims:	territorial sea: 200 nm continental shelf: 200 nm
Climate:	varies from tropical in east to dry desert in west; temperate to frigid in Andes
Terrain:	western coastal plain (costa), high and rugged Andes in center (sierra), eastern lowland jungle of Amazon Basin (selva)
Elevation extremes:	lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m highest point: Nevado Huascaran 6,768 m
Natural resources:	copper, silver, gold, petroleum, timber, fish, iron ore, coal, phosphate, potash, hydropower, natural gas
Land use:	arable land: 2.89% permanent crops: 0.4% other: 96.71% (2001)
Irrigated land:	11,950 sq km (1998 est.)
Natural hazards:	earthquakes, tsunamis, flooding, landslides, mild volcanic activity
Environment - current issues:	deforestation (some the result of illegal logging); overgrazing of the slopes of the costa and sierra leading to soil erosion; desertification; air pollution in Lima; pollution of rivers and coastal waters from municipal and mining wastes
Environment - international agreements:	party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Geography - note:	shares control of Lago Titicaca, world's highest navigable lake, with Bolivia; a remote slope of Nevado Mismi, a 5,316 m peak, is the ultimate source of the Amazon River Learn geography the easy way by playing ZL's Geographycards (www.geographycards.com)

People

Peru

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Population:	27,544,305 (July 2004 est.)
Age structure:	0-14 years: 32.1% (male 4,496,146; female 4,340,580) 15-64 years: 62.8% (male 8,709,098; female 8,594,351) 65 years and over: 5.1% (male 660,734; female 743,396) (2004 est.)
Median age:	total: 24.6 years male: 24.4 years female: 24.9 years (2004 est.)
Population growth rate:	1.39% (2004 est.)
Birth rate:	21.27 births/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Death rate:	6.29 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Net migration rate:	-1.05 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Sex ratio:	at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1.01 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.89 male(s)/female total population: 1.01 male(s)/female (2004 est.)
Infant mortality rate:	total: 32.95 deaths/1,000 live births male: 35.57 deaths/1,000 live births female: 30.21 deaths/1,000 live births (2004 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:	total population: 69.22 years male: 67.48 years female: 71.03 years (2004 est.)
Total fertility rate:	2.61 children born/woman (2004 est.)
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:	0.5% (2003 est.)
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:	82,000 (2003 est.)
HIV/AIDS - deaths:	4,200 (2003 est.)
Nationality:	noun: Peruvian(s) adjective: Peruvian
Ethnic groups:	Amerindian 45%, mestizo (mixed Amerindian and white) 37%, white 15%, black, Japanese, Chinese, and other 3%
Religions:	Roman Catholic 90%
Languages:	Spanish (official), Quechua (official), Aymara, and a large number of minor Amazonian languages
Literacy:	definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 90.9% male: 95.2% female: 86.8% (2003 est.) Learn geography the easy way by playing ZL's Geographycards (www.geographycards.com)

Government

Peru

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Country name:	conventional long form: Republic of Peru conventional short form: Peru local long form: Republica del Peru local short form: Peru
Government type:	constitutional republic
Capital:	Lima
Administrative divisions:	24 departments (departamentos, singular - departamento) and 1 constitutional province* (provincia constitucional); Amazonas, Ancash, Apurimac, Arequipa, Ayacucho, Cajamarca, Callao*, Cusco, Huancavelica, Huanuco, Ica, Junin, La Libertad, Lambayeque, Lima, Loreto, Madre de Dios, Moquegua, Pasco, Piura, Puno, San Martin, Tacna, Tumbes, Ucayali note: some reports indicate that the 24 departments and 1 constitutional province are now being referred to as regions; Peru is implementing a decentralization program whereby these 25 administrative divisions will begin to exercise greater governmental authority over their territories; in November 2002, voters chose their new regional presidents and other regional leaders; the authority that the regional government will exercise has not yet been clearly defined, but it will be devolved to the regions over the course of several years
Independence:	28 July 1821 (from Spain)
National holiday:	Independence Day, 28 July (1821)
Constitution:	31 December 1993
Legal system:	based on civil law system; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Suffrage:	18 years of age; universal and compulsory until the age of 70; note - members of the military may not vote
Executive branch:	chief of state: President Alejandro TOLEDO Manrique (since 28 July 2001); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government; additionally two vice presidents are provided for by the constitution, First Vice President (vacant) and Second Vice President David WAISMAN (since 28 July 2001); note - Raul DIEZ Canseco resigned as First Vice President on 30 January 2004 head of government: President Alejandro TOLEDO Manrique (since 28 July 2001); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government; additionally two vice presidents are provided for by the constitution, First Vice President (vacant) and Second Vice President David WAISMAN (since 28 July 2001); note - Raul DIEZ Canseco resigned as First Vice President on 30 January 2004 note: Prime Minister Carlos FERRERO Costa (since 15 December 2003) does not exercise executive power; this power is in the hands of the president; note - Beatriz MERINO was asked to resign on 12 December 2003 and was replaced by Carlos FERRERO Costa three days later cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term; special presidential and congressional elections held 8 April 2001, with runoff election held 3 June 2001; next to be held 9 April 2006 election results: President Alejandro TOLEDO Manrique elected president in runoff election; percent of vote - Alejandro TOLEDO Manrique 53.1%, Alan GARCIA 46.9%
Legislative branch:	unicameral Congress of the Republic of Peru or Congreso de la Republica del Peru (120 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms) elections: last held 8 April 2001 (next to be held 9 April 2006) election results: percent of vote by party - Peru Posible 26.3%, APRA 19.7%, Unidad Nacional 13.8%, FIM 11.0%, others 29.2%; seats by party - Peru Posible 47, APRA 28, Unidad Nacional 17, FIM 11, others 17
Judicial branch:	Supreme Court of Justice or Corte Suprema de Justicia (judges are appointed by the National Council of the Judiciary)
Political parties and leaders:	Peruvian Aprista Party or PAP (also referred to by its original name Alianza Popular Revolucionaria Americana or APRA) [Alan GARCIA]; Independent Moralizing Front or FIM [Fernando OLIVERA Vega]; National Unity (Unidad Nacional) or UN [Lourdes FLORES Nano]; Peru Posible or PP [Luis SOLARI]; Popular Action or AP [Javier DIAZ Orihuela]; Solucion Popular [Carlos BOLANA]; Somos Peru or SP [Alberto ANDRADE]; Union for Peru or UPP [Roger GUERRA Garcia]
Political pressure groups and leaders:	leftist guerrilla groups include Shining Path [Abimael GUZMAN Reynoso (imprisoned), Gabriel MACARIO (top leader at-large)]; Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement or MRTA [Victor POLAY (imprisoned), Hugo AVALLENEDA Valdez (top leader at-large)]
International organization participation:	APEC, CAN, FAO, G-15, G-24, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO (correspondent), ITU, LAES, LAIA, MONUC, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, OPCW, PCA, RG, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNMEE, UNMIL, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO
Diplomatic representation in the US:	chief of mission: Ambassador Eduardo FERRERO Costa chancery: 1700 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036 telephone: [1] (202) 833-9860 through 9869 FAX: [1] (202) 659-8124 consulate(s) general: Boston, Chicago, Denver, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, Paterson (New Jersey), San Francisco, Washington (DC)
Diplomatic representation from the US:	chief of mission: Ambassador J. Curtis STRUBLE embassy: Avenida La Encalada, Cuadra 17s/n, Surco, Lima 33 mailing address: P. O. Box 1995, Lima 1; American Embassy (Lima), APO AA 34031-5000 telephone: [51] (1) 434-3000 FAX: [51] (1) 434-3037
Flag description:	three equal, vertical bands of red (hoist side), white, and red with the coat of arms centered in the white band; the coat of arms features a shield bearing a vicuna, cinchona tree (the source of quinine), and a yellow cornucopia spilling out gold coins, all framed by a green wreath Learn geography the easy way by playing ZL's Geographycards (www.geographycards.com)

Economy

Peru

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Economy - overview:	Peru's economy reflects its varied geography - an arid coastal region, the Andes further inland, and tropical lands bordering Colombia and Brazil. Abundant mineral resources are found in the mountainous areas, and Peru's coastal waters provide excellent fishing grounds. However, overdependence on minerals and metals subjects the economy to fluctuations in world prices, and a lack of infrastructure deters trade and investment. After several years of inconsistent economic performance, the Peruvian economy was one of the fastest growing in Latin America in 2002 and 2003, growing by 5% and 4%, respectively, with the exchange rate stable and an annual inflation lower than 2%. Foreign direct investment also was strong, thanks to the ongoing Camisea natural gas pipeline project (scheduled to begin operations in 2004) and investments in gold mining. Risk premiums on Peruvian bonds on secondary markets reached historically low levels in late 2003, reflecting investor optimism and the government's fiscal restraint. Despite the strong macroeconomic performance, political intrigue and allegations of corruption continued to swirl in 2003, with the TOLEDO administration growing increasingly unpopular, and local and foreign concern rising that the political turmoil could place the country's hard-won fiscal and financial stability at risk. Moreover, as of late 2003, unemployment had yet to respond to the strong growth in economic activity, owing in part to rigid labor market regulations that act as an impediment to hiring.
GDP:	purchasing power parity - $146 billion (2003 est.)
GDP - real growth rate:	4% (2003 est.)
GDP - per capita:	purchasing power parity - $5,100 (2003 est.)
GDP - composition by sector:	agriculture: 8% industry: 27% services: 65% (2003 est.)
Investment (gross fixed):	17.7% of GDP (2003)
Population below poverty line:	54% (2003 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share:	lowest 10%: 1.6% highest 10%: 35.4% (1996)
Distribution of family income - Gini index:	46.2 (1996)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):	2.3% (2003 est.)
Labor force:	8.63 million (2003 est.)
Labor force - by occupation:	agriculture 5.9%, mining and quarrying 0.4%, manufacturing 12.6%, construction 5.3%, commerce 26.3%, household work 4.9%, other services 44.6% (2004)
Unemployment rate:	9.7%; widespread underemployment (2003 est.)
Budget:	revenues: $15.86 billion expenditures: $17.05 billion, including capital expenditures of $1.6 billion (2003 est.)
Public debt:	49.2% of GDP (2003)
Agriculture - products:	coffee, cotton, sugarcane, rice, wheat, potatoes, corn, plantains, coca; poultry, beef, dairy products, wool; fish
Industries:	mining of metals, petroleum, fishing, textiles, clothing, food processing, cement, auto assembly, steel, shipbuilding, metal fabrication
Industrial production growth rate:	2% (2003 est.)
Electricity - production:	20.59 billion kWh (2001)
Electricity - consumption:	19.15 billion kWh (2001)
Electricity - exports:	0 kWh (2001)
Electricity - imports:	0 kWh (2001)
Oil - production:	95,100 bbl/day (2001 est.)
Oil - consumption:	161,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)
Oil - exports:	NA (2001)
Oil - imports:	NA (2001)
Oil - proved reserves:	614.7 million bbl (1 January 2002)
Natural gas - production:	370 million cu m (2001 est.)
Natural gas - consumption:	370 million cu m (2001 est.)
Natural gas - exports:	0 cu m (2001 est.)
Natural gas - imports:	0 cu m (2001 est.)
Natural gas - proved reserves:	245.1 billion cu m (1 January 2002)
Current account balance:	$-1.116 billion (2003)
Exports:	$8.954 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.)
Exports - commodities:	fish and fish products, gold, copper, zinc, crude petroleum and byproducts, lead, coffee, sugar, cotton
Exports - partners:	US 27.1%, UK 12.4%, China 7.7%, Switzerland 7.6%, Chile 4.7%, Japan 4.4% (2003 est.)
Imports:	$8.244 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.)
Imports - commodities:	machinery, transport equipment, foodstuffs, petroleum, iron and steel, chemicals, pharmaceuticals
Imports - partners:	US 28.6%, Spain 10%, Chile 7.5%, Brazil 5.1%, Colombia 4.5% (2003 est.)
Reserves of foreign exchange & gold:	$10.24 billion (2003)
Debt - external:	$29.95 billion (2003 est.)
Economic aid - recipient:	$895.1 million (1995)
Currency:	nuevo sol (PEN)
Currency code:	PEN
Exchange rates:	nuevo sol per US dollar - 3.4785 (2003), 3.5165 (2002), 3.5068 (2001), 3.49 (2000), 3.3833 (1999)
Fiscal year:	calendar year Learn geography the easy way by playing ZL's Geographycards (www.geographycards.com)

Communications

Peru

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Telephones - main lines in use:	1,839,200 (2003)
Telephones - mobile cellular:	2,908,800 (2003)
Telephone system:	general assessment: adequate for most requirements domestic: nationwide microwave radio relay system and a domestic satellite system with 12 earth stations international: country code - 51; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean); Pan American submarine cable
Radio broadcast stations:	AM 472, FM 198, shortwave 189 (1999)
Television broadcast stations:	13 (plus 112 repeaters) (1997)
Internet country code:	.pe
Internet hosts:	65,868 (2003)
Internet users:	2.85 million (2003) Learn geography the easy way by playing ZL's Geographycards (www.geographycards.com)

Transportation

Peru

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Railways:	total: 3,462 km standard gauge: 2,962 km 1.435-m gauge narrow gauge: 500 km 0.914-m gauge (2003)
Highways:	total: 72,900 km paved: 9,331 km unpaved: 63,569 km (1999 est.)
Waterways:	8,808 km note: 8,600 km of navigable tributaries of Amazon system and 208 km of Lago Titicaca
Pipelines:	gas 388 km; oil 1,557 km; refined products 13 km (2003)
Ports and harbors:	Callao, Chimbote, Ilo, Matarani, Paita, Puerto Maldonado, Salaverry, San Martin, Talara, Iquitos, Pucallpa, Yurimaguas note: Iquitos, Pucallpa, and Yurimaguas are all on the upper reaches of the Amazon and its tributaries
Merchant marine:	total: 3 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 13,666 GRT/17,611 DWT by type: cargo 2, petroleum tanker 1 foreign-owned: United States 1 registered in other countries: 19 (2003 est.)
Airports:	233 (2003 est.)
Airports - with paved runways:	total: 52 over 3,047 m: 5 2,438 to 3,047 m: 20 1,524 to 2,437 m: 16 914 to 1,523 m: 9 under 914 m: 2 (2003 est.)
Airports - with unpaved runways:	total: 181 1,524 to 2,437 m: 21 914 to 1,523 m: 62 under 914 m: 98 (2003 est.)
Heliports:	1 (2003 est.) Learn geography the easy way by playing ZL's Geographycards (www.geographycards.com)

Military

Peru

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Military branches:	Army (Ejercito Peruano), Navy (Marina de Guerra del Peru; includes Naval Air, Naval Infantry, and Coast Guard), Air Force (Fuerza Aerea del Peru; FAP)
Military manpower - military age:	17 years of age (2004 est.)
Military manpower - availability:	males age 15-49: 7,374,187 (2004 est.)
Military manpower - fit for military service:	males age 15-49: 4,938,512 (2004 est.)
Military manpower - reaching military age annually:	males: 277,931 (2004 est.)
Military expenditures - dollar figure:	$829.4 million (2003)
Military expenditures - percent of GDP:	1.3% (2003) Learn geography the easy way by playing ZL's Geographycards (www.geographycards.com)

Transnational Issues

Peru

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Disputes - international:

Bolivia has reanimated its claim to restore the Atacama corridor ceded to Chile and adjoining Peru in 1884 to secure sovereign maritime assess for Bolivian natural gas

Illicit drugs:

until 1996 the world's largest coca leaf producer; emerging opium producer; cultivation of coca in Peru fell 15 percent to 31,150 hectares between 2002 and the end of 2003; much of the cocaine base is shipped to neighboring Colombia for processing into cocaine, while finished cocaine is shipped out from Pacific ports to the international drug market; increasing amounts of base and finished cocaine, however, are being moved to Brazil and Bolivia for use in the Southern Cone or transshipped to Europe and Africa

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