 Definition  Field Listing  Rank
Order
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Background: |
The Dutch began to colonize Indonesia in the early
17th century; the islands were occupied by Japan from 1942 to 1945.
Indonesia declared its independence after Japan's surrender, but it
required four years of intermittent negotiations, recurring
hostilities, and UN mediation before the Netherlands agreed to
relinquish its colony. Indonesia is the world's largest archipelagic
state. Current issues include: alleviating widespread poverty,
preventing terrorism, continuing the transition to popularly-elected
governments after four decades of authoritarianism, implementing
reforms of the banking sector, addressing charges of cronyism and
corruption, holding the military and police accountable for human
rights violations, and resolving armed separatist movements in Aceh
and Papua. Learn geography the easy way by playing ZL's Geographycards (www.geographycards.com)
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Location: |
Southeastern
Asia, archipelago between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean
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Geographic coordinates: |
5 00 S, 120
00 E |
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Map references: |
Southeast
Asia |
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Area: |
total:
1,919,440 sq km
land: 1,826,440 sq km
water:
93,000 sq km |
|
Area - comparative: |
slightly
less than three times the size of Texas |
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Land boundaries: |
total: 2,830 km
border countries: East Timor
228 km, Malaysia 1,782 km, Papua New Guinea 820 km |
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Coastline: |
54,716 km
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Maritime claims: |
measured
from claimed archipelagic straight baselines
territorial
sea: 12 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm |
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Climate: |
tropical;
hot, humid; more moderate in highlands |
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Terrain: |
mostly
coastal lowlands; larger islands have interior mountains |
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Elevation extremes: |
lowest
point: Indian Ocean 0 m
highest point: Puncak Jaya
5,030 m |
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Natural resources: |
petroleum,
tin, natural gas, nickel, timber, bauxite, copper, fertile soils,
coal, gold, silver |
|
Land use: |
arable
land: 11.32%
permanent crops: 7.23%
other:
81.45% (2001) |
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Irrigated land: |
48,150 sq km
(1998 est.) |
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Natural hazards: |
occasional
floods, severe droughts, tsunamis, earthquakes, volcanoes, forest
fires |
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Environment - current issues: |
deforestation; water pollution from industrial wastes, sewage;
air pollution in urban areas; smoke and haze from forest fires
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Environment - international agreements: |
party
to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered
Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection,
Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol,
Marine Life Conservation |
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Geography - note: |
archipelago
of 17,508 islands (6,000 inhabited); straddles equator; strategic
location astride or along major sea lanes from Indian Ocean to
Pacific Ocean Learn geography the easy way by playing ZL's Geographycards (www.geographycards.com)
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Population: |
238,452,952
(July 2004 est.) |
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Age structure: |
0-14
years: 29.4% (male 35,635,790; female 34,416,854)
15-64
years: 65.5% (male 78,097,767; female 78,147,909)
65
years and over: 5.1% (male 5,308,986; female 6,845,646) (2004
est.) |
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Median age: |
total: 26.1 years
male: 25.7 years
female: 26.6 years (2004 est.) |
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Population growth rate: |
1.49% (2004
est.) |
|
Birth rate: |
21.11
births/1,000 population (2004 est.) |
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Death rate: |
6.26
deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.) |
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Net migration rate: |
0
migrant(s)/1,000 population (2004 est.) |
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Sex ratio: |
at
birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04
male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1 male(s)/female
65
years and over: 0.78 male(s)/female
total population:
1 male(s)/female (2004 est.) |
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Infant mortality rate: |
total:
36.82 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 42.09 deaths/1,000
live births
female: 31.29 deaths/1,000 live births (2004
est.) |
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Life expectancy at birth: |
total
population: 69.26 years
male: 66.84 years
female: 71.8 years (2004 est.) |
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Total fertility rate: |
2.47 children
born/woman (2004 est.) |
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HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: |
0.1% (2003
est.) |
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HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS: |
110,000 (2003
est.) |
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HIV/AIDS - deaths: |
2,400 (2003
est.) |
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Nationality: |
noun:
Indonesian(s)
adjective: Indonesian |
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Ethnic groups: |
Javanese
45%, Sundanese 14%, Madurese 7.5%, coastal Malays 7.5%, other 26%
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Religions: |
Muslim 88%,
Protestant 5%, Roman Catholic 3%, Hindu 2%, Buddhist 1%, other 1%
(1998) |
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Languages: |
Bahasa
Indonesia (official, modified form of Malay), English, Dutch, local
dialects, the most widely spoken of which is Javanese |
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Literacy: |
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 87.9%
male: 92.5%
female: 83.4% (2002) Learn geography the easy way by playing ZL's Geographycards (www.geographycards.com)
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Country name: |
conventional long form: Republic of Indonesia
conventional short form: Indonesia
local long
form: Republik Indonesia
local short form: Indonesia
former: Netherlands East Indies; Dutch East Indies |
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Government type: |
republic
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Capital: |
Jakarta
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Administrative divisions: |
27 provinces
(propinsi-propinsi, singular - propinsi), 2 special regions*
(daerah-daerah istimewa, singular - daerah istimewa), and 1 special
capital city district** (daerah khusus ibukota); Aceh*, Bali,
Banten, Bengkulu, Gorontalo, Jakarta Raya**, Jambi, Jawa Barat, Jawa
Tengah, Jawa Timur, Kalimantan Barat, Kalimantan Selatan, Kalimantan
Tengah, Kalimantan Timur, Kepulauan Bangka Belitung, Lampung,
Maluku, Maluku Utara, Nusa Tenggara Barat, Nusa Tenggara Timur,
Papua, Riau, Sulawesi Selatan, Sulawesi Tengah, Sulawesi Tenggara,
Sulawesi Utara, Sumatera Barat, Sumatera Selatan, Sumatera Utara,
Yogyakarta*; note - with the implementation of decentralization on 1
January 2001, the 357 districts or regencies became the key
administrative units responsible for providing most government
services
note: following the 30 August 1999 provincial
referendum for independence that was overwhelmingly approved by the
people of Timor Timur and the October 1999 concurrence of
Indonesia's national legislature, the name Timor Leste (East Timor)
was adopted as the name for the political entity formerly known as
Propinsi Timor Timur; East Timor gained its formal independence on
20 May 2002 |
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Independence: |
17 August
1945 (proclaimed independence)
note: on 27 December 1949
the Netherlands recognized Indonesian independence |
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National holiday: |
Independence
Day, 17 August (1945) |
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Constitution: |
August 1945,
abrogated by Federal Constitution of 1949 and Provisional
Constitution of 1950, restored 5 July 1959 |
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Legal system: |
based on
Roman-Dutch law, substantially modified by indigenous concepts and
by new criminal procedures and election codes; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction |
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Suffrage: |
17 years of
age; universal and married persons regardless of age |
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Executive branch: |
chief of
state: President MEGAWATI Sukarnoputri (since 23 July 2001) and
Vice President Hamzah HAZ (since 26 July 2001); note - the president
is both the chief of state and head of government
head of
government: President MEGAWATI Sukarnoputri (since 23 July 2001)
and Vice President Hamzah HAZ (since 26 July 2001); note - the
president is both the chief of state and head of government
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president
elections: president and vice president previously were
elected separately by the People's Consultative Assembly or MPR for
five-year terms; next election to be held 5 July 2004; in accordance
with constitutional changes, the election of the president and vice
president will be by direct vote of the citizenry
election
results: MEGAWATI Sukarnoputri elected president, receiving 591
votes in favor (91 abstentions); Hamzah HAZ elected vice president,
receiving 340 votes in favor (237 against)
note: the
People's Consultative Assembly (Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat or
MPR) includes the House of Representatives (Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat
or DPR) plus 195 indirectly selected members; it meets every five
years to approve broad outlines of national policy and also has
yearly meetings to consider constitutional and legislative changes;
constitutional amendments adopted in 2001 and 2002 provide for the
MPR to be restructured in 2004 and to consist entirely of
popularly-elected members who will be in the DPR and the new House
of Regional Representatives (Dewan Perwakilan Daerah or DPD); the
MPR will no longer formulate national policy |
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Legislative branch: |
unicameral
House of Representatives or Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat (DPR) (550
seats; members serve five-year terms)
elections: last
held 5 April 2004 (next to be held in April 2009)
election
results: percent of vote by party - Golkar 21.6%, PDI-P 18.5%,
PKB 10.6%, PPP 8.2%, PD 7.5%, PKS 7.3%, PAN 6.4%, others 19.9%;
seats by party - Golkar 128, PDI-P 109, PPP 58, PD 57, PKB 52, PAN
52, PKS 45, others 49
note: because of election rules,
the number of seats won does not always follow the number of votes
received by parties |
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Judicial branch: |
Supreme
Court or Mahkamah Agung (justices appointed by the president from a
list of candidates approved by the legislature); a separate
Constitutional Court was invested by the president on 16 August
2003; in March 2004 the Supreme Court assumed administrative and
financial responsibility for the lower court system from the
Ministry of Justice and Human Rights |
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Political parties and leaders: |
Crescent
Moon and Star Party or PBB [Yusril Ihza MAHENDRA, chairman];
Democratic Party or PD [Budi SANTOSO, chairman]; Functional Groups
or Golkar [Akbar TANDJUNG, general chairman]; Indonesia Democratic
Party-Struggle or PDI-P [MEGAWATI Sukarnoputri, chairperson];
National Awakening Party or PKB [Alwi SHIHAB, chairman]; National
Mandate Party or PAN [Amien RAIS, chairman]; Prosperous Justice
Party or PKS [Hidayat NUR WAHID, chairman]; United Development Party
or PPP [Hamzah HAZ, chairman] |
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Political pressure groups and leaders: |
NA |
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International organization participation: |
APEC, ARF,
AsDB, ASEAN, BIS, CP, FAO, G-15, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU,
ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC,
IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, MONUC, NAM, OIC, OPCW, OPEC, UN, UNAMSIL,
UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNMIL, UNOMIG, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO,
WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO |
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Diplomatic representation in the US: |
chief of
mission: Ambassador SOEMADI Brotodiningrat
chancery:
2020 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036
telephone: [1] (202) 775-5200
FAX: [1] (202)
775-5365
consulate(s) general: Chicago, Houston, Los
Angeles, New York, and San Francisco |
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Diplomatic representation from the US: |
chief of
mission: Ambassador Ralph L. BOYCE
embassy: Jalan 1
Medan Merdeka Selatan 3-5, Jakarta 10110
mailing address:
Unit 8129, Box 1, FPO AP 96520
telephone: [62] (21)
3435-9000
FAX: [62] (21) 385-7189
consulate(s)
general: Surabaya |
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Flag description: |
two equal
horizontal bands of red (top) and white; similar to the flag of
Monaco, which is shorter; also similar to the flag of Poland, which
is white (top) and red Learn geography the easy way by playing ZL's Geographycards (www.geographycards.com)
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Economy - overview: |
Indonesia, a
vast polyglot nation, faces economic development problems stemming
from recent acts of terrorism, unequal resource distribution among
regions, endemic corruption, the lack of reliable legal recourse in
contract disputes, weaknesses in the banking system, and a generally
poor climate for foreign investment. Indonesia withdrew from its IMF
program at the end of 2003, but issued a "White Paper" that commits
the government to maintaining fundamentally sound macroeconomic
policies previously established under IMF guidelines. Investors,
however, continued to face a host of on-the-ground microeconomic
problems and an inadequate judicial system. Keys to future growth
remain internal reform, building up the confidence of international
and domestic investors, and strong global economic growth. |
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GDP: |
purchasing
power parity - $758.8 billion (2003 est.) |
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GDP - real growth rate: |
4.1% (2003
est.) |
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GDP - per capita: |
purchasing
power parity - $3,200 (2003 est.) |
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GDP - composition by sector: |
agriculture: 16.6%
industry: 43.6%
services: 39.9% (2003 est.) |
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Investment (gross fixed): |
19.7% of GDP
(2003) |
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Population below poverty line: |
27% (1999)
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Household income or consumption by percentage
share: |
lowest
10%: 4%
highest 10%: 26.7% (1999) |
|
Distribution of family income - Gini
index: |
37 (2001)
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Inflation rate (consumer prices): |
6.6% (2003
est.) |
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Labor force: |
105.7 million
(2003) |
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Labor force - by occupation: |
agriculture
45%, industry 16%, services 39% (1999 est.) |
|
Unemployment rate: |
8.7% (2003
est.) |
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Budget: |
revenues: $40.91 billion
expenditures: $44.95
billion, including capital expenditures of NA (2003 est.) |
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Public debt: |
72.9% of GDP
(2003) |
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Agriculture - products: |
rice,
cassava (tapioca), peanuts, rubber, cocoa, coffee, palm oil, copra,
poultry, beef, pork, eggs |
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Industries: |
petroleum
and natural gas, textiles, apparel, footwear, mining, cement,
chemical fertilizers, plywood, rubber, food, tourism |
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Industrial production growth rate: |
3.7% (2003
est.) |
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Electricity - production: |
95.78 billion
kWh (2001) |
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Electricity - consumption: |
89.08 billion
kWh (2001) |
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Electricity - exports: |
0 kWh (2001)
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Electricity - imports: |
0 kWh (2001)
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Oil - production: |
1.451 million
bbl/day (2001 est.) |
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Oil - consumption: |
1.045 million
bbl/day (2001 est.) |
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Oil - exports: |
NA (2001)
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Oil - imports: |
NA (2001)
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Oil - proved reserves: |
7.083 billion
bbl (1 January 2002) |
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Natural gas - production: |
69 billion cu
m (2001 est.) |
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Natural gas - consumption: |
36.2 billion
cu m (2001 est.) |
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Natural gas - exports: |
32.8 billion
cu m (2001 est.) |
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Natural gas - imports: |
0 cu m (2001
est.) |
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Natural gas - proved reserves: |
2.549
trillion cu m (1 January 2002) |
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Current account balance: |
$7.336
billion (2003) |
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Exports: |
$63.89
billion f.o.b. (2003 est.) |
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Exports - commodities: |
oil and gas,
electrical appliances, plywood, textiles, rubber |
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Exports - partners: |
Japan 22.3%,
US 12.1%, Singapore 8.9%, South Korea 7.1%, China 6.2% (2003 est.)
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Imports: |
$40.22
billion f.o.b. (2003 est.) |
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Imports - commodities: |
machinery
and equipment, chemicals, fuels, foodstuffs |
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Imports - partners: |
Japan 13%,
Singapore 12.8%, China 9.1%, US 8.3%, Thailand 5.2%, Australia 5.1%,
South Korea 4.7%, Saudi Arabia 4.6% (2003 est.) |
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Reserves of foreign exchange & gold: |
$36.25
billion (2003) |
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Debt - external: |
$135.7
billion (2003 est.) |
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Economic aid - recipient: |
$43 billion
Indonesia finished its IMF program in December 2003 but still
receives bilateral aid through the Consultative Group on Indonesia
(CGI), which pledged $2.8 billion in grants and loans for 2004.
(2003 est.) |
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Currency: |
Indonesian
rupiah (IDR) |
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Currency code: |
IDR |
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Exchange rates: |
Indonesian
rupiahs per US dollar - 8,577.13 (2003), 9,311.19 (2002), 10,260.8
(2001), 8,421.77 (2000), 7,855.15 (1999) |
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Fiscal year: |
calendar
year; note - previously was 1 April - 31 March, but starting with
2001, has been changed to calendar year Learn geography the easy way by playing ZL's Geographycards (www.geographycards.com)
|
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Railways: |
total:
6,458 km
narrow gauge: 5,961 km 1.067-m gauge (125 km
electrified); 497 km 0.750-m gauge (2003) |
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Highways: |
total:
342,700 km
paved: 158,670 km
unpaved: 184,030
km (1999 est.) |
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Waterways: |
21,579 km
note: Sumatra 5,471 km, Java and Madura 820 km,
Kalimantan 10,460 km, Sulawesi (Celebes) 241 km, Irian Jaya 4,587 km
(2004) |
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Pipelines: |
condensate
672 km; condensate/gas 125 km; gas 8,183 km; oil 7,429 km;
oil/gas/water 66 km; refined products 1,329 km (2003) |
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Ports and harbors: |
Cilacap,
Cirebon, Jakarta, Kupang, Makassar, Palembang, Semarang, Surabaya
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Merchant marine: |
total: 718 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 3,192,847
GRT/4,319,739 DWT
by type: bulk 47, cargo 398, chemical
tanker 13, container 57, liquefied gas 6, livestock carrier 1,
passenger 10, passenger/cargo 13, petroleum tanker 128, refrigerated
cargo 2, roll on/roll off 15, short-sea/passenger 9, specialized
tanker 12, vehicle carrier 7
foreign-owned: France 1,
Germany 1, Greece 1, Honduras 1, Hong Kong 2, Japan 3, Malaysia 1,
Monaco 2, Panama 1, Philippines 2, Singapore 12, Switzerland 1,
United Kingdom 2, United States 1
registered in other
countries: 109 (2003 est.) |
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Airports: |
661 (2003
est.) |
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Airports - with paved runways: |
total: 154
over 3,047 m: 4
2,438 to
3,047 m: 13
1,524 to 2,437 m: 44
914 to 1,523
m: 49
under 914 m: 44 (2003 est.) |
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Airports - with unpaved runways: |
total: 507
2,438 to 3,047 m: 1
1,524 to
2,437 m: 5
914 to 1,523 m: 23
under 914 m:
478 (2003 est.) |
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Heliports: |
22 (2003
est.) Learn geography the easy way by playing ZL's Geographycards (www.geographycards.com)
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Military branches: |
Indonesia
Armed Forces (TNI): Army (TNI-AD), Navy (TNI-AL, including Marines,
Naval Air arm), Air Force (TNI-AU) |
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Military manpower - military age: |
18 years of
age (2004 est.) |
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Military manpower - availability: |
males age
15-49: 66,458,805 (2004 est.) |
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Military manpower - fit for military
service: |
males age
15-49: 38,728,029 (2004 est.) |
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Military manpower - reaching military age
annually: |
males: 2,196,424 (2004 est.) |
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Military expenditures - dollar figure: |
$1 billion
(FY98) |
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Military expenditures - percent of GDP: |
1.3% (FY98)
Learn geography the easy way by playing ZL's Geographycards (www.geographycards.com)
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