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Introduction

Cambodia

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Background:

Most Cambodians consider themselves to be Khmers, whose Angkor Empire extended over much of Southeast Asia between the 10th and 14th centuries. Subsequently, attacks by the Thai and Vietnamese weakened the empire. In 1863, the king of Cambodia placed the country under French protection; it became part of French Indochina in 1887. Following Japanese occupation in World War II, Cambodia became independent within the French Union in 1948 and fully independent in 1953. After a five-year struggle, Communist Khmer Rouge forces captured Phnom Penh in April 1975 and ordered the evacuation of all cities and towns; over 1.5 million displaced people died from execution, enforced hardships, or starvation. A 1978 Vietnamese invasion drove the Khmer Rouge into the countryside and touched off almost 13 years of civil war. The 1991 Paris Peace Accords mandated democratic elections and a ceasefire, which was not fully respected by the Khmer Rouge. UN-sponsored elections in 1993 helped restore some semblance of normalcy and the final elements of the Khmer Rouge surrendered in early 1999. Factional fighting in 1997 ended the first coalition government, but a second round of national elections in 1998 led to the formation of another coalition government and renewed political stability. The July 2003 elections were relatively peaceful, but it took one year of negotiations between contending political parties before a coalition government was formed. Learn geography the easy way by playing ZL's Geographycards (www.geographycards.com)

Geography

Cambodia

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Location:	Southeastern Asia, bordering the Gulf of Thailand, between Thailand, Vietnam, and Laos
Geographic coordinates:	13 00 N, 105 00 E
Map references:	Southeast Asia
Area:	total: 181,040 sq km land: 176,520 sq km water: 4,520 sq km
Area - comparative:	slightly smaller than Oklahoma
Land boundaries:	total: 2,572 km border countries: Laos 541 km, Thailand 803 km, Vietnam 1,228 km
Coastline:	443 km
Maritime claims:	territorial sea: 12 nm contiguous zone: 24 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm continental shelf: 200 nm
Climate:	tropical; rainy, monsoon season (May to November); dry season (December to April); little seasonal temperature variation
Terrain:	mostly low, flat plains; mountains in southwest and north
Elevation extremes:	lowest point: Gulf of Thailand 0 m highest point: Phnum Aoral 1,810 m
Natural resources:	oil and gas, timber, gemstones, some iron ore, manganese, phosphates, hydropower potential
Land use:	arable land: 20.96% permanent crops: 0.61% other: 78.43% (2001)
Irrigated land:	2,700 sq km (1998 est.)
Natural hazards:	monsoonal rains (June to November); flooding; occasional droughts
Environment - current issues:	illegal logging activities throughout the country and strip mining for gems in the western region along the border with Thailand have resulted in habitat loss and declining biodiversity (in particular, destruction of mangrove swamps threatens natural fisheries); soil erosion; in rural areas, most of the population does not have access to potable water; declining fish stocks because of illegal fishing and overfishing
Environment - international agreements:	party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea
Geography - note:	a land of paddies and forests dominated by the Mekong River and Tonle Sap Learn geography the easy way by playing ZL's Geographycards (www.geographycards.com)

People

Cambodia

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Population:	13,363,421 note: estimates for this country take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July 2004 est.)
Age structure:	0-14 years: 38.3% (male 2,583,606; female 2,534,460) 15-64 years: 58.6% (male 3,742,178; female 4,095,303) 65 years and over: 3.1% (male 149,466; female 258,408) (2004 est.)
Median age:	total: 19.5 years male: 18.8 years female: 20.4 years (2004 est.)
Population growth rate:	1.8% (2004 est.)
Birth rate:	27.13 births/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Death rate:	9.1 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Net migration rate:	0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Sex ratio:	at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.02 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 0.91 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.58 male(s)/female total population: 0.94 male(s)/female (2004 est.)
Infant mortality rate:	total: 73.67 deaths/1,000 live births male: 82.51 deaths/1,000 live births female: 64.44 deaths/1,000 live births (2004 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:	total population: 58.41 years male: 55.71 years female: 61.23 years (2004 est.)
Total fertility rate:	3.51 children born/woman (2004 est.)
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:	2.6% (2003 est.)
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:	170,000 (2003 est.)
HIV/AIDS - deaths:	15,000 (2003 est.)
Nationality:	noun: Cambodian(s) adjective: Cambodian
Ethnic groups:	Khmer 90%, Vietnamese 5%, Chinese 1%, other 4%
Religions:	Theravada Buddhist 95%, other 5%
Languages:	Khmer (official) 95%, French, English
Literacy:	definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 69.4% male: 80.8% female: 59.3% (2002) Learn geography the easy way by playing ZL's Geographycards (www.geographycards.com)

Government

Cambodia

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Country name:	conventional long form: Kingdom of Cambodia conventional short form: Cambodia local long form: Preahreacheanacha Kampuchea (phonetic pronunciation) local short form: Kampuchea former: Kingdom of Cambodia, Khmer Republic, Democratic Kampuchea, People's Republic of Kampuchea, State of Cambodia
Government type:	multiparty democracy under a constitutional monarchy established in September 1993
Capital:	Phnom Penh
Administrative divisions:	20 provinces (khaitt, singular and plural) and 4 municipalities (krong, singular and plural) : provinces: Banteay Mean Chey, Batdambang, Kampong Cham, Kampong Chhnang, Kampong Spoe, Kampong Thum, Kampot, Kandal, Koh Kong, Kracheh, Mondol Kiri, Otdar Mean Chey, Pouthisat, Preah Vihear, Prey Veng, Rotanakir, Siem Reab, Stoeng Treng, Svay Rieng, Takao : municipalities: Keb, Pailin, Phnom Penh, Preah Sihanouk (formerly Kompong Som)
Independence:	9 November 1953 (from France)
National holiday:	Independence Day, 9 November (1953)
Constitution:	promulgated 21 September 1993
Legal system:	primarily a civil law mixture of French-influenced codes from the United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia (UNTAC) period, royal decrees, and acts of the legislature, with influences of customary law and remnants of communist legal theory; increasing influence of common law in recent years
Suffrage:	18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:	chief of state: King Norodom SIHANOUK (reinstated 24 September 1993) head of government: Prime Minister HUN Sen (since 14 January 1985) and Deputy Prime Ministers SAR Kheng (since 3 February 1992), Prince SIRIVUDH, SOK An, LU Laysreng, TEA Banh, HOR Namhong, NHEK Bunchhay (since 16 July 2004) cabinet: Council of Ministers in theory appointed by the monarch; in practice named by the prime minister elections: none; the monarch is chosen by a Royal Throne Council; following legislative elections, a member of the majority party or majority coalition is named prime minister by the Chairman of the National Assembly and appointed by the king
Legislative branch:	bicameral consists of the National Assembly (123 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms) and the Senate (61 seats; two members appointed by the monarch, two elected by the National Assembly, and 57 elected by "functional constituencies"; members serve five-year terms) elections: National Assembly - last held 27 July 2003 (next to be held in July 2008); Senate - last held 2 March 1999 (scheduled to be held in 2004 but delayed) election results: National Assembly - percent of vote by party - CPP 47%, SRP 22%, FUNCINPEC 21%, other 10%; seats by party - CPP 73, FUNCINPEC 26, SRP 24; Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - CPP 31, FUNCINPEC 21, SRP 7, other 2 (July 2003)
Judicial branch:	Supreme Council of the Magistracy (provided for in the constitution and formed in December 1997); Supreme Court (and lower courts) exercises judicial authority
Political parties and leaders:	Cambodian Pracheachon Party (Cambodian People's Party) or CPP [CHEA Sim]; National United Front for an Independent, Neutral, Peaceful, and Cooperative Cambodia or FUNCINPEC [Prince NORODOM Ranariddh]; Sam Rangsi Party or SRP [SAM Rangsi]
Political pressure groups and leaders:	NA
International organization participation:	ACCT, ARF, AsDB, ASEAN, CP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO (subscriber), ITU, NAM, OPCW (signatory), PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO (observer)
Diplomatic representation in the US:	chief of mission: Ambassador ROLAND Eng chancery: 4530 16th Street NW, Washington, DC 20011 telephone: [1] (202) 726-7742 FAX: [1] (202) 726-8381
Diplomatic representation from the US:	chief of mission: Ambassador Charles Aaron RAY embassy: 27 EO Street 240, Phnom Penh mailing address: Box P, APO AP 96546 telephone: [855] (23) 216-436/438 FAX: [855] (23) 216-437/811
Flag description:	three horizontal bands of blue (top), red (double width), and blue with a white three-towered temple representing Angkor Wat outlined in black in the center of the red band; only national flag to incorporate a building in its design Learn geography the easy way by playing ZL's Geographycards (www.geographycards.com)

Economy

Cambodia

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Economy - overview:	Cambodia's economy slowed dramatically in 1997-1998 due to the regional economic crisis, civil violence, and political infighting. Foreign investment and tourism fell off. In 1999, the first full year of peace in 30 years, progress was made on economic reforms. Growth resumed and has remained about 5.0% during 2000-2003. Tourism was Cambodia's fastest growing industry, with arrivals up 34% in 2000 and up another 40% in 2001 before the 11 September 2001 terrorist attacks in the US. Cambodia expects 1 million foreign tourists in 2004. Economic growth has been largely driven by expansion in the clothing sector and tourism. Clothing exports were fostered by the U.S.-Cambodian Bilateral Textile Agreement signed in 1999. Even given Cambodia's recent growth, the long-term development of the economy after decades of war remains a daunting challenge. The population lacks education and productive skills, particularly in the poverty-ridden countryside, which suffers from an almost total lack of basic infrastructure. Fear of renewed political instability and a dysfunctional legal system coupled with government corruption discourage foreign investment. The Cambodian government continues to work with bilateral and multilateral donors to address the country's many pressing needs. The major economic challenge for Cambodia over the next decade will be fashioning an economic environment in which the private sector can create enough jobs to handle Cambodia's demographic imbalance. About 60% of the population is 20 years or younger; most of these citizens will seek to enter the workforce over the course of the next 10 years.
GDP:	purchasing power parity - $25.02 billion (2003 est.)
GDP - real growth rate:	5% (2003 est.)
GDP - per capita:	purchasing power parity - $1,900 (2003 est.)
GDP - composition by sector:	agriculture: 35% industry: 30% services: 35% (2003 est.)
Investment (gross fixed):	15.9% of GDP (2003)
Population below poverty line:	36% (1997 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share:	lowest 10%: 2.9% highest 10%: 33.8% (1997)
Distribution of family income - Gini index:	40.4 (1997)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):	1.7% (2003 est.)
Labor force:	7 million (2003 est.)
Labor force - by occupation:	agriculture 75% (2003 est.)
Unemployment rate:	2.5% (2000 est.)
Budget:	revenues: $476.5 million expenditures: $734.8 million, including capital expenditures of $291 million of which 75% was financed by external assistance (2003 est.)
Agriculture - products:	rice, rubber, corn, vegetables, cashews, tapioca
Industries:	tourism, garments, rice milling, fishing, wood and wood products, rubber, cement, gem mining, textiles
Industrial production growth rate:	22% (2002 est.)
Electricity - production:	119 million kWh (2001)
Electricity - consumption:	110.6 million kWh (2001)
Electricity - exports:	0 kWh (2001)
Electricity - imports:	0 kWh (2001)
Oil - production:	0 bbl/day (2001 est.)
Oil - consumption:	3,600 bbl/day (2001 est.)
Oil - exports:	NA (2001)
Oil - imports:	NA (2001)
Current account balance:	$-218.1 million (2003)
Exports:	$1.616 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.)
Exports - commodities:	Clothing, timber, rubber, rice, fish, tobacco, footwear
Exports - partners:	US 57.6%, Germany 10.1%, UK 7.1% (2003 est.)
Imports:	$2.124 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.)
Imports - commodities:	petroleum products, cigarettes, gold, construction materials, machinery, motor vehicles, pharmaceutical products
Imports - partners:	Thailand 25.8%, Hong Kong 14%, Singapore 11.5%, China 11.1%, Taiwan 8.8%, Vietnam 8.1%, South Korea 5.3% (2003 est.)
Reserves of foreign exchange & gold:	$861.4 million (2003)
Debt - external:	$2.4 billion (2002 est.)
Economic aid - recipient:	$548 million pledged in grants and concessional loans for 2001 by international donors (actual disbursement in 2002 was about $500 million)
Currency:	riel (KHR)
Currency code:	KHR
Exchange rates:	riels per US dollar - 3,973.33 (2003), 3,912.08 (2002), 3,916.33 (2001), 3,840.75 (2000), 3,807.83 (1999)
Fiscal year:	calendar year Learn geography the easy way by playing ZL's Geographycards (www.geographycards.com)

Communications

Cambodia

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Telephones - main lines in use:	35,400 (2002)
Telephones - mobile cellular:	380,000 (2002)
Telephone system:	general assessment: adequate landline and/or cellular service in Phnom Penh and other provincial cities; mobile phone coverage is rapidly expanding in rural areas domestic: NA international: country code - 855; adequate but expensive landline and cellular service available to all countries from Phnom Penh and major provincial cities; satellite earth station - 1 Intersputnik (Indian Ocean region)
Radio broadcast stations:	AM 2, FM 17, (2003)
Television broadcast stations:	7 (2003)
Internet country code:	.kh
Internet hosts:	818 (2003)
Internet users:	30,000 (2002) Learn geography the easy way by playing ZL's Geographycards (www.geographycards.com)

Transportation

Cambodia

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Railways:	total: 602 km narrow gauge: 602 km 1.000-m gauge (2003)
Highways:	total: 12,323 km paved: 1,996 km unpaved: 10,327 km (2000 est)
Waterways:	2,400 km (mainly on Mekong River) (2004)
Ports and harbors:	Kampong Som (Sihanoukville), Kampot, Krong Kaoh Kong, Phnom Penh, Sre Ambol, Keo Phoh Port (privately owned) (2003)
Merchant marine:	total: 467 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 1,913,910 GRT/2,713,967 DWT by type: bulk 42, cargo 360, chemical tanker 6, combination bulk 3, container 13, liquefied gas 1, livestock carrier 4, multi-functional large load carrier 1, passenger/cargo 1, petroleum tanker 16, refrigerated cargo 13, roll on/roll off 5, short-sea/passenger 2 foreign-owned: Algeria 2, Angola 1, Aruba 1, Bahamas 1, Belize 10, British Virgin Islands 7, Bulgaria 1, Canada 4, China 35, Cyprus 14, Egypt 8, Finland 1, France 1, Georgia 1, Germany 1, Gibraltar 1, Greece 9, Honduras 8, Hong Kong 12, Indonesia 2, Iran 1, Italy 2, Japan 1, Jordan 1, North Korea 2, South Korea 31, Lebanon 2, Liberia 7, Malaysia 1, Malta 2, Marshall Islands 11, Netherlands 2, Nigeria 2, Norway 1, Panama 8, Romania 1, Russia 81, Saint Kitts and Nevis 2, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 5, Samoa 2, Singapore 7, Spain 1, Syria 19, Taiwan 1, Turkey 11 registered in other countries: 19 (2003 est.)
Airports:	20 (2003 est.)
Airports - with paved runways:	total: 5 2,438 to 3,047 m: 2 1,524 to 2,437 m: 2 914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2003 est.)
Airports - with unpaved runways:	total: 15 1,524 to 2,437 m: 2 914 to 1,523 m: 12 under 914 m: 1 (2003 est.)
Heliports:	2 (2003 est.) Learn geography the easy way by playing ZL's Geographycards (www.geographycards.com)

Military

Cambodia

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Military branches:	Royal Cambodian Armed Forces: Army, Navy, Air Force
Military manpower - military age:	18 years of age (2004 est.)
Military manpower - availability:	males age 15-49: 3,402,703 (2004 est.)
Military manpower - fit for military service:	males age 15-49: 1,899,710 (2004 est.)
Military manpower - reaching military age annually:	males: 170,072 (2004 est.)
Military expenditures - dollar figure:	$112 million (FY01 est.)
Military expenditures - percent of GDP:	3% (FY01 est.) Learn geography the easy way by playing ZL's Geographycards (www.geographycards.com)

Transnational Issues

Cambodia

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Disputes - international:

land boundary disputes persist among Cambodian claims that Thailand and Vietnam moved or destroyed boundary markers; maritime boundary with Vietnam is hampered by dispute over offshore islands; Cambodia periodically accuses Thailand of obstructing access to Preah Vihear temple ruins awarded to Cambodia by ICJ decision in 1962; 2003 anti-Thai riots in Phnom Penh resulted in the destruction of the Thai Embassy, damage to 17 Thai-owned businesses, and disputes over full payment of compensation

Illicit drugs:

narcotics-related corruption reportedly involving some in the government, military, and police; possible small-scale opium, heroin, and amphetamine production; large producer of cannabis for the international market; vulnerable to money laundering due to its cash-based economy and porous borders

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