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Introduction

Afghanistan

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Background:

Afghanistan's recent history is a story of war and civil unrest. The Soviet Union invaded in 1979, but was forced to withdraw 10 years later by anti-Communist mujahidin forces supplied and trained by the US, Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, and others. The Communist regime in Kabul fought on until collapsing in 1992. Fighting subsequently erupted among the various mujahidin factions, giving rise to a state of warlordism that eventually spawned the Taliban. Backed by foreign sponsors, the Taliban developed as a political force and ultimately seized power in 1996. The Taliban were able to capture most of the country, outside of Northern Alliance strongholds primarily in the northeast. Following the 11 September 2001 terrorist attacks, a US, Allied, and Northern Alliance military action toppled the Taliban. In late 2001, major leaders from the Afghan opposition groups and diaspora met in Bonn, Germany, and agreed on a plan for the formulation of a new government structure that resulted in the inauguration of Hamid KARZAI as Chairman of the Afghan Interim Authority (AIA) on 22 December 2001. The AIA held a nationwide Loya Jirga (Grand Assembly) in June 2002, and KARZAI was elected President by secret ballot of the Transitional Islamic State of Afghanistan (TISA). In December 2002, the TISA marked the one-year anniversary of the fall of the Taliban. The Transitional Authority convened a Constitutional Loya Jirga from 14 December 2003 until 4 January 2004 and ended with the approval of a new constitution. The constitution was signed on 16 January 2004 and highlights a strong executive branch, a moderate role for Islam, and basic protections for human rights. TISA's next task is to hold nationwide elections by June 2004, according to the Bonn Agreement timeline, but these may be delayed due to election preparations. National elections would formally dissolve the Transitional Authority and establish the Government of Afghanistan under the new constitution. In addition to occasionally violent political jockeying and ongoing military action to root out remaining terrorists and Taliban elements, the country suffers from enormous poverty, a lack of skilled and educated workers, a crumbling infrastructure, and widespread land mines. Learn geography the easy way by playing ZL's Geographycards (www.geographycards.com)

Geography

Afghanistan

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Location:	Southern Asia, north and west of Pakistan, east of Iran
Geographic coordinates:	33 00 N, 65 00 E
Map references:	Asia
Area:	total: 647,500 sq km land: 647,500 sq km water: 0 sq km
Area - comparative:	slightly smaller than Texas
Land boundaries:	total: 5,529 km border countries: China 76 km, Iran 936 km, Pakistan 2,430 km, Tajikistan 1,206 km, Turkmenistan 744 km, Uzbekistan 137 km
Coastline:	0 km (landlocked)
Maritime claims:	none (landlocked)
Climate:	arid to semiarid; cold winters and hot summers
Terrain:	mostly rugged mountains; plains in north and southwest
Elevation extremes:	lowest point: Amu Darya 258 m highest point: Nowshak 7,485 m
Natural resources:	natural gas, petroleum, coal, copper, chromite, talc, barites, sulfur, lead, zinc, iron ore, salt, precious and semiprecious stones
Land use:	arable land: 12.13% permanent crops: 0.22% other: 87.65% (2001)
Irrigated land:	23,860 sq km (1998 est.)
Natural hazards:	damaging earthquakes occur in Hindu Kush mountains; flooding; droughts
Environment - current issues:	limited natural fresh water resources; inadequate supplies of potable water; soil degradation; overgrazing; deforestation (much of the remaining forests are being cut down for fuel and building materials); desertification; air and water pollution
Environment - international agreements:	party to: Biodiversity, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Marine Dumping signed, but not ratified: Climate Change, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation
Geography - note:	landlocked; the Hindu Kush mountains that run northeast to southwest divide the northern provinces from the rest of the country; the highest peaks are in the northern Vakhan (Wakhan Corridor) Learn geography the easy way by playing ZL's Geographycards (www.geographycards.com)

People

Afghanistan

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Population:	28,513,677 (July 2004 est.)
Age structure:	0-14 years: 44.7% (male 6,525,929; female 6,222,497) 15-64 years: 52.9% (male 7,733,707; female 7,346,226) 65 years and over: 2.4% (male 334,427; female 350,891) (2004 est.)
Median age:	total: 17.5 years male: 17.5 years female: 17.6 years (2004 est.)
Population growth rate:	4.92% note: this rate does not take into consideration the recent war and its continuing impact (2004 est.)
Birth rate:	47.27 births/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Death rate:	21.12 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Net migration rate:	23.06 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Sex ratio:	at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1.05 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.95 male(s)/female total population: 1.05 male(s)/female (2004 est.)
Infant mortality rate:	total: 165.96 deaths/1,000 live births male: 170.85 deaths/1,000 live births female: 160.82 deaths/1,000 live births (2004 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:	total population: 42.46 years male: 42.27 years female: 42.66 years (2004 est.)
Total fertility rate:	6.78 children born/woman (2004 est.)
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:	0.01% (2001 est.)
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:	NA
HIV/AIDS - deaths:	NA
Nationality:	noun: Afghan(s) adjective: Afghan
Ethnic groups:	Pashtun 42%, Tajik 27%, Hazara 9%, Uzbek 9%, Aimak 4%, Turkmen 3%, Baloch 2%, other 4%
Religions:	Sunni Muslim 80%, Shi'a Muslim 19%, other 1%
Languages:	Pashtu (official) 35%, Afghan Persian (Dari) 50%, Turkic languages (primarily Uzbek and Turkmen) 11%, 30 minor languages (primarily Balochi and Pashai) 4%, much bilingualism
Literacy:	definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 36% male: 51% female: 21% (1999 est.)
People - note:	of the estimated 4 million refugees in October 2001, 2.3 million have returned Learn geography the easy way by playing ZL's Geographycards (www.geographycards.com)

Government

Afghanistan

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Country name:	conventional long form: Transitional Islamic State of Afghanistan conventional short form: Afghanistan local long form: Dowlat-e Eslami-ye Afghanestan local short form: Afghanestan former: Republic of Afghanistan
Government type:	transitional
Capital:	Kabul
Administrative divisions:	34 provinces (velayat, singular - velayat); Badakhshan, Badghis, Baghlan, Balkh, Bamian, Daykundi, Farah, Faryab, Ghazni, Ghowr, Helmand, Herat, Jowzjan, Kabol, Kandahar, Kapisa, Khowst, Konar, Kondoz, Laghman, Lowgar, Nangarhar, Nimruz, Nurestan, Oruzgan, Paktia, Paktika, Panjshir, Parvan, Samangan, Sar-e Pol, Takhar, Vardak, and Zabol
Independence:	19 August 1919 (from UK control over Afghan foreign affairs)
National holiday:	Independence Day, 19 August (1919)
Constitution:	new constitution drafted 14 December 2003 - 4 January 2004; signed 16 January 2004
Legal system:	according to the new constitution, no law is contrary to Islam; the state is obliged to create a prosperous and progressive society based on social justice, protection of human dignity, protection of human rights, realization of democracy, and to ensure national unity and equality among all ethnic groups and tribes; the state shall abide by the UN charter, international treaties, international conventions that Afghanistan signed, and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights
Suffrage:	18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:	note: on 10 June 2002, the structure of the second Transitional Authority (TA) was announced when an Emergency Loya Jirga (Grand Assembly) convened establishing the Transitional Islamic State of Afghanistan (TISA); subsequently, a Constitutional Loya Jirga was held and adopted a new constitution; under the new constitution the president is both the chief of state and head of government; the president and two vice presidents are elected by direct vote for a five-year term; if no candidate receives 50% or more of the vote in the first round of voting, the two candidates with the most votes will participate in a second round; a president can only be elected for two terms; former King ZAHIR Shah holds the honorific, "Father of the Country," and presides symbolically over certain occasions, but lacks any governing authority; the honorific is not hereditary chief of state: President of the TISA, Hamid KARZAI (since 10 June 2002); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government head of government: President of the TISA, Hamid KARZAI (since 10 June 2002); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government cabinet: the 30-member TISA; note - under the new constitution, ministers are appointed by the president and approved by the National Assembly elections: nationwide elections are to be held by June 2004, according to the Bonn Agreement
Legislative branch:	nonfunctioning as of January 2004 note: under the new constitution, the bicameral National Assembly consists of the Wolesi Jirga or House of People (no more than 250 seats), directly elected for a five-year term, and the Meshrano Jirga or House of Elders (composed of one representative from each provincial council, one representative from each district council, and a number of presidential appointees; the presidential appointees will include two representatives of Kuchis and two representatives of the disabled; half of the presidential appointees will be women); the Bonn Agreement lays down a June 2004 deadline for elections for the first session of the National Assembly note: on rare occasions the government may convene the Loya Jirga on issues of independence, national sovereignty, and territorial integrity; it can amend the provisions of the constitution and prosecute the president; it is made up of members of the National Assembly and chairpersons of the provincial and district councils
Judicial branch:	the new constitution establishes a nine-member Stera Mahkama or Supreme Court (its nine justices are appointed for 10-year terms by the president with approval of the Wolesi Jirga) and subordinate High Courts and Appeals Courts; there is also a Minister of Justice; a separate Afghan Independent Human Rights Commission established by the Bonn Agreement is charged with investigating human rights abuses and war crimes
Political parties and leaders:	NA; note - political parties in Afghanistan are in flux and many prominent players have plans to create new parties; the Transitional Islamic State of Afghanistan (TISA) is headed by President Hamid KARZAI; the TISA is a coalition government formed of leaders from across the Afghan political spectrum; there are also several political factions not holding positions in the Transitional government that are forming new groups and parties in the hopes of participating in the 2004 elections
Political pressure groups and leaders:	Jamiat-e Islami (Society of Islam), [former President Burhanuddin RABBANIS]; Jombesh-e Milli (National Islamic Movement), [Abdul Rashjid DOSTUM]; Ittihad-e Islami (Islamic Union for the Liberation of Afghanistan), [Abdul Rasul SAYYAF]; there are also small monarchist, communist, and democratic groups
International organization participation:	AsDB, CP, ECO, FAO, G-77, GUUAM, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), ITU, NAM, OIC, OPCW, OSCE, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WToO
Diplomatic representation in the US:	chief of mission: Ambassador Said Tayeb JAWAD chancery: 2341 Wyoming Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: 202-483-6410 FAX: 202-483-6487 consulate(s) general: New York
Diplomatic representation from the US:	chief of mission: Ambassador Zalmay KHALILZAD; note - embassy in Kabul reopened 16 December 2001, following closure in January 1989 embassy: Great Masood Road, Kabul mailing address: 6180 Kabul Place, Dulles, VA 20189-6180 telephone: [93] (2) 290002, 290005, 290154 FAX: 00932290153
Flag description:	three equal vertical bands of black (hoist), red, and green, with a gold emblem centered on the red band; the emblem features a temple-like structure encircled by a wreath on the left and right and by a bold Islamic inscription above Learn geography the easy way by playing ZL's Geographycards (www.geographycards.com)

Economy

Afghanistan

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Economy - overview:	Afghanistan's economic outlook has improved significantly over the past two years because of the infusion of over $2 billion in international assistance, dramatic improvements in agricultural production, and the end of a four-year drought in most of the country. However, Afghanistan remains extremely poor, landlocked, and highly dependent on foreign aid, farming, and trade with neighboring countries. It will probably take the remainder of the decade and continuing donor aid and attention to raise Afghanistan's living standards up from its current status among the lowest in the world. Much of the population continues to suffer from shortages of housing, clean water, electricity, medical care, and jobs, but the Afghan government and international donors remain committed to improving access to these basic necessities by prioritizing infrastructure development, education, housing development, jobs programs, and economic reform over the next year. Growing political stability and continued international commitment to Afghan reconstruction create an optimistic outlook for maintaining improvements to the Afghan economy in 2004. The replacement of the opium trade - which may account for one-third of GDP - is one of several potential spoilers for the economy over the long term.
GDP:	purchasing power parity - $20 billion (2003 est.)
GDP - real growth rate:	29% (2003 est.) : note: this high growth rate reflects the extremely low levels of activity between 1999 and 2002, as well as the end of a four-year drought and the impact of donor assistance
GDP - per capita:	purchasing power parity - $700 (2003 est.)
GDP - composition by sector:	agriculture: 60% industry: 20% services: 20% (1990 est.)
Population below poverty line:	23% (2002)
Household income or consumption by percentage share:	lowest 10%: NA highest 10%: NA
Inflation rate (consumer prices):	5.2% (2003)
Labor force:	11.8 million (2001 est.)
Labor force - by occupation:	agriculture 80%, industry 10%, services 10% (1990 est.)
Unemployment rate:	NA (2003)
Budget:	revenues: $200 million expenditures: $550 million, including capital expenditures of NA (2003 plan)
Agriculture - products:	opium, wheat, fruits, nuts, wool, mutton, sheepskins, lambskins
Industries:	small-scale production of textiles, soap, furniture, shoes, fertilizer, cement; handwoven carpets; natural gas, coal, copper
Industrial production growth rate:	NA
Electricity - production:	334.8 million kWh (2001)
Electricity - consumption:	511.4 million kWh (2001)
Electricity - exports:	0 kWh (2001)
Electricity - imports:	200 million kWh (2001)
Oil - production:	0 bbl/day (2001 est.)
Oil - consumption:	3,500 bbl/day (2001 est.)
Oil - exports:	NA (2001)
Oil - imports:	NA (2001)
Oil - proved reserves:	0 bbl (1 January 2002)
Natural gas - production:	220 million cu m (2001 est.)
Natural gas - consumption:	220 million cu m (2001 est.)
Natural gas - exports:	0 cu m (2001 est.)
Natural gas - imports:	0 cu m (2001 est.)
Natural gas - proved reserves:	49.98 billion cu m (1 January 2002)
Exports:	$98 million (not including illicit exports) (2002 est.)
Exports - commodities:	opium, fruits and nuts, handwoven carpets, wool, cotton, hides and pelts, precious and semi-precious gems
Exports - partners:	US 26.1%, France 17%, Pakistan 17%, India 16.1% (2003 est.)
Imports:	$1.007 billion (2002 est.)
Imports - commodities:	capital goods, food, textiles, petroleum products
Imports - partners:	Pakistan 26.8%, South Korea 12.3%, Japan 8.2%, Germany 7.4%, Turkmenistan 5.8%, Kenya 4.9%, US 4.8% (2003 est.)
Debt - external:	$8 billion in bilateral debt, mostly to Russia; Afghanistan has $500 million in debt to Multilateral Development Banks (2004)
Economic aid - recipient:	international pledges made by more than 60 countries and international financial institutions at the Tokyo Donors Conference for Afghan reconstruction in January 2002 reached $4.5 billion through 2006, with $1.8 billion allocated for 2002; another $1.7 billion was pledged for 2003.
Currency:	afghani (AFA)
Currency code:	AFA
Exchange rates:	afghanis per US dollar - 50 (2003), 50 (2002), 3,000 (2001), 3,000 (2000), 3,000 (1999) : note: in 2002, the afghani was revalued and the currency stabilized at about 50 afghanis to the dollar; before 2002, the market rate varied widely from the official rate
Fiscal year:	21 March - 20 March Learn geography the easy way by playing ZL's Geographycards (www.geographycards.com)

Communications

Afghanistan

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Telephones - main lines in use:	33,100 (2002)
Telephones - mobile cellular:	12,000 (2002)
Telephone system:	general assessment: very limited telephone and telegraph service domestic: telephone service is improving with the establishment of two mobile phone operators by 2003; telephone main lines remain weak with only .1 line per 10 people international: country code - 93; satellite earth stations - 1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean) linked only to Iran and 1 Intersputnik (Atlantic Ocean region); commercial satellite telephone center in Ghazni
Radio broadcast stations:	AM 7 (6 are inactive; the active station is in Kabul), FM 1, shortwave 1 (broadcasts in Pashtu, Afghan Persian (Dari), Urdu, and English) (1999)
Television broadcast stations:	at least 10 (one government-run central television station in Kabul and regional stations in nine of the 32 provinces; the regional stations operate on a reduced schedule; also, in 1997, there was a station in Mazar-e Sharif reaching four northern Afghanistan provinces) (1998)
Internet country code:	.af
Internet users:	1,000 (2002)
Communications - note:	in March 2003 'af' was established as Afghanistan's domain name; Internet access is growing through Internet cafes as well as public "telekiosks" in Kabul that are part of a nationwide network proposed by the Transitional Authority for Internet access (2002) Learn geography the easy way by playing ZL's Geographycards (www.geographycards.com)

Transportation

Afghanistan

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Highways:	total: 21,000 km paved: 2,793 km unpaved: 18,207 km (1999 est.)
Waterways:	1,200 km note: chiefly Amu Darya, which handles vessels up to 500 DWT (2004)
Pipelines:	gas 651 km (2003)
Ports and harbors:	Kheyrabad, Shir Khan
Airports:	47 (2003 est.)
Airports - with paved runways:	total: 10 over 3,047 m: 3 2,438 to 3,047 m: 4 1,524 to 2,437 m: 2 under 914 m: 1 (2003 est.)
Airports - with unpaved runways:	total: 37 over 3,047 m: 1 2,438 to 3,047 m: 7 1,524 to 2,437 m: 14 914 to 1,523 m: 4 under 914 m: 11 (2003 est.)
Heliports:	5 (2003 est.) Learn geography the easy way by playing ZL's Geographycards (www.geographycards.com)

Military

Afghanistan

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Military branches:	Afghan National Army, currently being trained by the US with the assistance of the international community, is 7,000 strong; note - the December 2001 Bonn Agreement called for all militia forces to come under the authority of the central government, but regional leaders have continued to retain their militias and the formation of a national army remains a gradual process; Afghanistan's militia forces continue to be factionalized, largely along ethnic lines
Military manpower - military age:	22 years of age (2004 est.)
Military manpower - availability:	males age 15-49: 6,785,414 (2004 est.)
Military manpower - fit for military service:	males age 15-49: 3,642,659 (2004 est.)
Military manpower - reaching military age annually:	males: 263,406 (2004 est.)
Military expenditures - dollar figure:	$61 million (2003)
Military expenditures - percent of GDP:	1% (2003) Learn geography the easy way by playing ZL's Geographycards (www.geographycards.com)

Transnational Issues

Afghanistan

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Disputes - international:

despite largely successful UN efforts at voluntary repatriation, thousands of Afghan refugees continue to reside in Iran and Pakistan; Pakistan has sent troops into remote tribal areas to control the border and stem organized terrorist and other illegal cross-border activites; regular meetings between Pakistani and coalition allies aim to resolve periodic claims of boundary encroachments; occasional conflicts over water-sharing arrangements with Amu Darya and Helmand River states

Illicit drugs:

world's largest producer of opium; cultivation of opium poppy - used to make heroin - expanded to 30,750 hectares in 2002, despite eradication; potential opium production of 1,278 metric tons; source of hashish; many narcotics-processing labs throughout the country; drug trade source of instability and some government groups profit from the trade; 80-90% of the heroin consumed in Europe comes from Afghan opium; vulnerable to narcotics money laundering through informal financial networks

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